Chemistry in Everyday Life

🧪 Chemistry in Everyday Life (SSC CHSL Study Material)

Here’s an easy-to-understand summary of the key concepts from the provided PDF, with emojis to help you remember important points:

🍔 Chemicals in Food

• Colouring agents 🎨: Make food look appealing.
• Artificial preservatives 🧴: Prevent food spoilage by stopping microorganism growth (e.g., Sodium benzoate, sodium meta bisulphate).
• Flow stabilizers 💧: Maintain consistency.
• Binding substances 🪢: Hold ingredients together.
• Artificial sweeteners 🍬: Add sweetness without calories (e.g., Aspartame in cool drinks/ice-cream, Alitame is 2000x sweeter than sugar).
• Antioxidants 🛡️: Prevent food oxidation/spoilage (e.g., BHT, BHA).
• Minerals & Vitamins 💊: Only vitamins have nutritional value.

🧴 Artificial Preservatives

• Stop food spoilage by preventing microorganism growth.
• Examples: Sodium benzoate, sodium meta bisulphate.

🍭 Artificial Sweeteners

• No calories, excreted via urine.
• Aspartame: Used in cool drinks and ice-creams.
• Alitame: 2000x sweeter than sugar.

🛡️ Antioxidants

• Prevent oxidation (spoilage) of food.
• Examples: BHT, BHA.

🎨 Dyes

• Used to color paper, leather, fur, hair, drugs, cosmetics.
• Types: Natural dyes & Synthetic dyes.

🧼 Chemistry of Cleansing Agents

Soaps 🧼:

• Sodium or potassium salts of higher carboxylic acids (e.g., stearic acid, palmitic acid).
• Made via saponification (alkaline hydrolysis of glycerol triesters).
• Don’t work in hard water (form precipitate).

How soaps work:

• Have hydrophobic (water-hating) and hydrophilic (water-loving) parts.
• Hydrophobic end sticks to dirt, hydrophilic end to water. When rinsed, dirt washes away.

Types of Soaps:

• Toilet soaps 🚽: Potassium-based, softer.
• Floating soaps 🫧: Made by beating soap bubbles.
• Transparent soaps 🫙: Soap dissolved in excess alcohol, then evaporated.
• Medicated soaps 🩹: Contain Dettol, Savlon, etc.
• Laundry soaps 🧺: Contain sodium rosinate, borax.

Detergents 🧴:

• Work in hard water.
• Types:
  • Anionic detergents: Anion is active (e.g., Sodium Lauryl Sulphate).
  • Cationic detergents: Cation is active (e.g., Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide).
  • Non-ionic detergents: Whole molecule is active (e.g., Polyethylene glycol stearate).

💄 Chemistry of Cosmetics

• Emulsifiers 🥄: Stabilize mixtures (e.g., Potassium cetyl sulfate).
• Preservatives 🧴: Increase shelf life (e.g., benzyl alcohol, salicylic acid).
• Thickeners 🧈: Give appealing texture (e.g., cetyl alcohol, stearic acid).
• Emollients 🧴: Soften skin by preventing water loss (e.g., glycerine, zinc oxide).
• Glimmer & Shiners ✨: Add shine (e.g., mica, bismuth oxychloride).

💧 Bottled Water Expiry

• Why expiry date? To ensure packaging quality.
• After expiry: Taste may change due to chemicals leaching from packaging.

🧬 Elements in the Human Body

• Water: 60% of body.
• Main elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (96% of body).
• Others: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, etc.

🌞 Sun Protection

• UV-A & UV-B rays are harmful.
• Sunscreen: Acts as a screen, protects mainly from UV-B (prevents sunburn).
• Sunblock: Reflects both UV-A & UV-B.

Tip: Use these emojis and short explanations to quickly recall chemistry facts for your SSC CHSL exam!