GI & Reasoning

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01 Blood and Relation

Blood Relations: Easy Study Material with Emojis Blood relation questions test your ability to understand family connections. Let’s break down the concepts with simple explanations, emojis, and practice questions with detailed solutions! What are Blood Relations? 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Blood relations are connections among family members, either by birth (like mother, father, son, daughter) or by marriage (like father-in-law, sister-in-law). Important Symbols & Their Meanings 📝 Symbol Meaning Example $ Sister A $ B: A is sister of B 👧 % Brother A % B: A is brother of B 👦 & Mother A & B: A is mother of B 👩 @ Son A @ B: A is son of B 👦 Types of Blood Relation Questions 1. Pointing or Introducing 👉 Someone introduces or points at another person, and you have to find the relation.

02 Calendar

📅 Calendar Study Material for SSC CHSL Reasoning (With Emojis & Practice Questions) What is a Calendar? 🗓️ A calendar is a chart that shows days, weeks, and months of a year. It helps us keep track of dates and plan events. In reasoning exams, calendar questions check your ability to calculate days, weeks, and leap years easily1. Basic Structure of a Calendar 🏗️ Ordinary Year: 365 days (e.g., 2019, 2021) ➡️ 1 odd day Leap Year: 366 days (e.g., 2020, 2024) ➡️ 2 odd days Leap year: Divisible by 4 (except century years, which must be divisible by 400) Odd Days Concept 🤔 Odd days: Extra days after complete weeks in a period. 31-day months: 3 odd days (Jan, Mar, May, Jul, Aug, Oct, Dec) 30-day months: 2 odd days (Apr, Jun, Sep, Nov) February: 0 odd days (ordinary), 1 odd day (leap) Month Odd Days (Ordinary/Leap) January 3 February 0 / 1 March 3 April 2 May 3 June 2 July 3 August 3 September 2 October 3 November 2 December 3 Day Coding for Quick Calculation 🔢 Day Code Sunday 0 Monday 1 Tuesday 2 Wednesday 3 Thursday 4 Friday 5 Saturday 6 Leap Year Rules 🏆 Year divisible by 4 = Leap year (e.g., 2016, 2020) Century year (ending with 00): Must be divisible by 400 to be a leap year (e.g., 2000 is leap, 1900 is not)1 Odd Days in Centuries 📈 Century Odd Days Day of Week Ends On 100 5 Friday 200 3 Wednesday 300 1 Monday 400 0 Sunday The cycle repeats every 400 years! 📝 Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions Q1. What day of the week was 15th August 1947? 🇮🇳 Solution:

03 Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect Reasoning: Easy Study Material with Emojis What is Cause and Effect Reasoning? 🤔 In this reasoning type, you’re given two statements. You must decide if one statement is the cause (reason) and the other is the effect (result), or if they’re unrelated or share a common cause. These questions test your logical and analytical skills12. Types of Relationships 🔗 Direct Cause and Effect: One statement is the cause, the other is the effect. Both are Effects of a Common Cause: Both statements result from the same cause. Independent/Unrelated: The statements have no logical connection. How to Approach These Questions 🚦 Read both statements carefully. Ask: Does one statement directly lead to the other? Check: Could both be results of a third, unmentioned cause? Decide: Are they totally unrelated? Common Options & What They Mean 📝 Option Meaning A Statement I is the reason (cause); Statement II is the response (effect) B Statement II is the reason; Statement I is the response C Both statements are unrelated reasons D Both are responses to unrelated causes E Both are responses to a common cause Examples with Solutions 💡 Example 1 Statements: I. Everybody should work hard. II. The only way to achieve success is to work hard.

04 Classification

Classification Reasoning: Easy Study Material with Emojis What is Classification? 🧐 Classification means grouping items based on a common quality and spotting the one that doesn’t fit—the “odd one out.” These questions can involve words, letters, numbers, or figures. Your task is to find the item that is different from the rest based on a hidden logic or property12. Types of Classification Questions 1. Odd Word Out 📝 You are given four words. Three have something in common, one is different. Find the odd one!

05 Coding Decoding

Coding-Decoding: Easy Study Material with Emojis 🚦 What is Coding-Decoding? 🧩 Coding: Changing a word or message into a secret code using rules or patterns. Decoding: Changing the code back into the original word or message1. Key Concepts & Tricks 🗝️ 1. Positional Value of Alphabets 🔤 Forward: A=1, B=2, …, Z=26 Reverse: Z=1, Y=2, …, A=26 Memory Tip: “EJOTY” helps you remember 5, 10, 15, 20, 251. 2. Letter to Letter Coding 📝 Letters are changed using operations like addition, subtraction, or interchanging. Trick: Check for opposite letters (A↔Z, B↔Y, etc.). Check for position changes or arithmetic operations1. 3. Letter to Number Coding 🔢 Assign numbers to letters based on their position or a set rule. Sometimes, numbers are manipulated (added, multiplied, etc.)1. 4. Substitutional Coding 🔄 Words are replaced with other words. Find the answer by tracing the chain of substitutions1. 5. Chinese (Statement) Coding 🈲 Words in statements are coded with symbols/words/letters. Find the code by matching common words in different statements1. 6. LSN (Letter, Symbol, Number) Coding 🔣 Words are coded using a mix of letters, symbols, and numbers. Each part (first/last letter, word length) has a coding rule1. 7. Conditional Coding ⚡ Coding depends on specific conditions (e.g., first/last letter is a vowel/consonant). Apply all conditions step by step1. 8. Clock Coding 🕒 Numbers or symbols represent time (hours/minutes). Sometimes, binary codes (A=0, B=1) are used for numbers1. Step-by-Step Tricks to Crack Coding-Decoding 🧠 Check for Opposite Letters: E.g., A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X… Check for Position Interchange: Are letters swapped or reversed? Check for Arithmetic Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication on letter positions or numbers. Check for Substitution: Is a word replaced by another? Follow the chain! For Number Codes: Are numbers the sum of letter positions? Or squares/cubes of word length? Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions 📝✨ Q1. If “ENGLISH” is coded as “FOHNHRG”, how is “SCIENCE” coded?

06 Cube Cuboid and Dice

Cube, Cuboid, and Dice: Easy Study Material with Emojis and Practice Questions 🎲📐 1. Cube Basics 🧊 A cube is a 3D shape with all sides equal: length = width = height = s. It has: 6 faces (front, back, right, left, top, bottom) 8 vertices (corners) 12 edges (lines connecting vertices) 2. Surface Area of Cube 📏 Total Surface Area (TSA) = 6 × (side × side) = $6s^2$ Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = 4 × (side × side) = $4s^2$ (Sum of 4 side faces, excluding top and bottom) 3. Cuboid Basics 📦 A cuboid is a 3D shape with length (l), width (w), height (h) all possibly different. It has: 6 rectangular faces 8 vertices 12 edges Total Surface Area (TSA) = Sum of areas of all 6 faces = $2(lw + lh + wh)$ Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = Sum of 4 side faces (excluding top and bottom) 4. Unit Cubes and Painted Surfaces 🎨 When a cube is divided into smaller cubes, these are called unit cubes. Example: Dividing a cube into 3 rows × 3 columns × 3 layers = 27 unit cubes. Rows per side Total Unit Cubes 2 8 3 27 4 64 5 125 6 216 7 343 5. Painted Unit Cubes: How Many Have How Many Painted Faces? 🎨 For a cube divided into $n \times n \times n$ unit cubes:

07 Decision Making

Here is a detailed explanation of the Decision-Making.pdf content, along with illustrative examples and additional practice questions for each type of decision-making reasoning problem123. Detailed Explanation of Decision-Making Reasoning Definition Decision-making reasoning involves evaluating given information and conditions to select the best possible outcome or action. These questions test your analytical ability, logical thinking, and judgment based on specified criteria12. Key Concepts Primary Conditions: Essential criteria that must be fulfilled for selection. Additional Conditions: Supplementary criteria that may be considered if primary conditions are not fully met. Data Analysis: Carefully read and analyze each condition and the information provided about each candidate or scenario. Table Construction: Organize information using a table to track which conditions each candidate meets or violates. Decision Rules: Use the table to decide the appropriate course of action for each candidate or scenario. Step-by-Step Approach List Conditions: Write down all primary and additional conditions as column headers. Construct Table: Place candidate names or scenario numbers in rows and mark each condition as: ✓: Condition is satisfied. x: Condition is violated. (✓): Additional condition is satisfied if primary is violated. (x): Additional condition is violated if primary is violated. ? or -: Data is inadequate or not provided. Analyze: Compare each candidate’s information against the conditions and mark accordingly. Decide: Use the table to select the appropriate decision for each candidate or scenario. Illustrative Example Scenario: A computer education center is recruiting faculty. The candidate must:

08 Direction and Distance

Direction and Distance: Easy Study Material with Emojis, Explanations, and Practice Questions What is Direction and Distance Reasoning? 🧭 This topic tests your ability to follow and visualize directions and distances, often through puzzles where you must determine the final direction faced or the shortest distance between two points. Main Directions & Sub-Directions 🗺️ Main Directions: North (N) ⬆️ South (S) ⬇️ East (E) ➡️ West (W) ⬅️ Sub-Directions: North-East (NE) ↗️ (between North & East) South-East (SE) ↘️ South-West (SW) ↙️ North-West (NW) ↖️ Types of Direction and Distance Questions 🔄 Direction from Initial or End Point Find which way someone is facing after a series of turns. Distance Calculation Find total or shortest (straight-line) distance between two points. Degree-based Questions Turns by certain degrees (clockwise/anticlockwise). Shadow-based Questions Use position of the sun (morning/evening) to infer direction. Key Rules and Tricks 🧠 Turning Right/Left: Facing North: Right ➡️ East, Left ⬅️ West Facing South: Right ➡️ West, Left ⬅️ East Shortest Distance: Use Pythagoras Theorem: $$ \text{Distance} = \sqrt{(\text{East-West})^2 + (\text{North-South})^2} $$ Shadow Rules: Morning: Shadow falls to the West Evening: Shadow falls to the East Sample Questions with Detailed Solutions 📝✨ Q1. Leeta walks 2 km North, turns right, walks 2 km, turns right, walks 2 km. Which direction is she facing? Solution:

09 Figural Pattern Floading and Completion

Here is a detailed explanation of Figural Pattern (Folding and Completion) as per your provided PDF, including core concepts, step-by-step examples, and practice questions to help you master this reasoning topic1. Figural Pattern (Folding and Completion): Detailed Explanation Figural pattern (folding and completion) questions are a staple in reasoning sections of competitive exams. These questions test your spatial reasoning, visualization skills, and ability to mentally manipulate two-dimensional figures.

10 Inequality

Here is a detailed explanation of the Inequality Reasoning content from your PDF, including core concepts, solved examples, and additional practice questions with explanations123. Detailed Explanation of Inequality Reasoning Inequality Reasoning involves comparing two or more elements using symbols such as $>$, $<$, $=$, $\geq$, $\leq$, and $\neq$. The goal is to deduce definite relationships between elements based on the given statements and to evaluate the validity of the conclusions drawn from them.

11 Mirror and Water Image

Below is a detailed explanation of the Mirror and Water Image concepts based on your PDF, including core principles, solved examples, and practice questions for both mirror and water images123. Detailed Explanation: Mirror and Water Images Mirror Image Definition: A mirror image is the reflection of an object formed when a mirror is placed in front of it. This results in lateral inversion, meaning the left and right sides of the object are swapped, but the top and bottom remain the same234.

12 Order and Ranking

Here is a detailed explanation of the Order and Ranking concepts as covered in your provided PDF, including definitions, formulas, solved examples, and additional practice questions with solutions123. Detailed Explanation: Order and Ranking Order and Ranking questions involve arranging people or objects in a specific sequence (such as a line or row) and determining their positions or ranks based on given information. These questions are common in competitive exams and test your ability to analyze and interpret relative positions.

13 Reasoning Analogy

Here is a detailed explanation of the Reasoning Analogy concepts from your attached PDF, with step-by-step examples and additional practice questions. Detailed Explanation: Reasoning Analogy Analogy in reasoning refers to the process of comparing two things or finding relationships between them. It is a fundamental part of logical reasoning and is widely used in competitive exams to assess your ability to identify patterns and relationships123. Types of Analogy Questions Numerical Analogy Odd One Out: A set of number pairs is given, and you must identify the pair that does not follow the established pattern. Choose a Similar Pair: Given a number pair, select another pair from the options that follows the same relationship. Alphabetical/Word Analogy Odd One Out: Among several word pairs, identify the one that does not fit the pattern. Choose a Similar Pair: Given a word pair, select another pair that shares the same relationship. General Knowledge Analogy Country and Currency, State and Dance, Person and Profession, etc. Odd One Out or Correct Pair: Identify the incorrect or correct pairing based on general knowledge. How to Solve Analogy Questions Identify the Relationship: Determine the connection between the given pair. Analyze the Options: Check if the options follow the same or a similar relationship. Eliminate Incorrect Options: Remove options that do not fit the pattern. Select the Best Answer: Choose the option that best matches the original relationship. Solved Examples from the PDF 1. Numerical Analogy – Choose a Similar Pair

14 Series

Here is a detailed explanation of the Series.pdf content, along with solved examples and practice questions for each type of series covered in the PDF1. Introduction to Series (Alpha/Numeric/Figural) Series reasoning involves identifying patterns or rules in sequences of letters, numbers, symbols, or figures and using these patterns to answer questions about missing elements, positions, or relationships. Types of Series in Reasoning 1. Alphabet Series Definition: Arranging letters or groups of letters in a sequence or pattern. Key Concepts: Vowels: A, E, I, O, U Consonants: All other letters Dictionary Order: Arranging words in alphabetical order Interchanging Letters: Swapping first and last letters, etc. Example: Given: DEW, BIG, RAW, FAN, DOG Interchange first and last letters: WED, GIB, WAR, NAF, GOD Arrange in dictionary order: GIB, GOD, NAF, WAR, WED Last word: WED Practice Question: If you swap the first and last letters of each word in the following list, how many meaningful words are formed? List: CAT, RAT, BAT, TAP Answer: CAT → TAC (not meaningful), RAT → TAR (meaningful), BAT → TAB (meaningful), TAP → PAT (meaningful) Total = 3

15 Statement and Assumption

Here is a detailed explanation of the Statement and Assumption topic as covered in your PDF, along with step-by-step examples and practice questions to help you master this reasoning skill. Statement and Assumption: Detailed Explanation Statement and Assumption is a core topic in logical reasoning, frequently featured in government and competitive exams. It tests your ability to analyze a given statement and determine which underlying assumptions are logically implied by it123.

16 Syllogism

Here is a detailed explanation of Syllogism as presented in your attached PDF, complete with step-by-step examples and practice questions to help you master this reasoning topic123. What is Syllogism? Syllogism is a form of logical reasoning where you use two or more statements (premises) to reach a valid conclusion. In competitive exams, you are usually given two or three statements and a set of conclusions. You must decide which conclusions logically follow from the statements, treating the statements as 100% true even if they contradict common knowledge13.

17 Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are powerful tools to visually represent relationships between different groups (called sets). They help you quickly see what items are shared between groups and what items are unique to each group. Here’s a simple, step-by-step explanation with examples and diagrams, based on your PDF and additional resources. What is a Venn Diagram? A Venn diagram uses shapes (usually circles) to show how different groups (sets) overlap or are separate. Each shape represents a group, and where the shapes overlap, it shows items that belong to both groups123.

18 Word Formation

Word Formation: Complete Study Material with Emojis, Explanations & Practice Questions What is Word Formation? 🔤✨ Word formation questions test your ability to create or identify meaningful words from a given set of letters or a main word. These questions are common in SSC and other reasoning exams and help assess your vocabulary, spelling, and logical sequencing skills. Types of Word Formation Questions 🗂️ 1. Word Formation Using Letters from a Given Word 🅰️➡️🅱️ Type A: Find which word can/cannot be formed from the main word. Type B: Form new words using specific positions (e.g., 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th letters). Type C: Find how many meaningful words can be formed using all letters (once each). 2. Word Formation by Scrambling Letters 🔀 Arrange a jumbled set of letters into a meaningful word. Sometimes, you may need to find the antonym/synonym of the formed word. 3. Logical Order of Words 🔢 Arrange given words in a logical or stepwise sequence (e.g., process, hierarchy, chronology, size, value, intensity, or chain formation). How to Approach Word Formation Questions? 🧠 Check if all required letters are present in the main word (and not repeated unless allowed). For position-based questions, pick the specified letters and try to form a meaningful word. For logical order, think about the natural or process-based sequence. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions & Emojis 📝✨ Type 1: Word Formation from Main Word Q1. From the word CONSTRUCTION, which cannot be formed? A) SUCTION B) COINS C) CAUTION D) MOTION