English

01 Essential English Grammar Course

Essential English Grammar Course - Improved Layout & Examples This rewritten course is based on the structure and progression of “Essential Grammar in Use” (4th Edition by Raymond Murphy), but is reorganized for clarity, with enhanced explanations and more practical, modern examples. Each unit includes a concise explanation, clear tables, and sample sentences for real-life situations. Course Structure Part 1: Foundations Unit 1: The Verb “To Be” (am, is, are) Unit 2: Present Simple & Present Continuous Unit 3: Questions & Negatives Unit 4: Nouns, Pronouns, & Possessives Part 2: Tenses Unit 5: Past Simple & Past Continuous Unit 6: Present Perfect & Past Perfect Unit 7: Future Forms (will, going to, present continuous) Part 3: Expanding Sentences Unit 8: Modals (can, could, must, should, might) Unit 9: Articles (a/an, the) Unit 10: Countable & Uncountable Nouns Unit 11: Adjectives & Adverbs Part 4: Sentence Building Unit 12: Word Order & Questions Unit 13: Conjunctions & Clauses Unit 14: Prepositions Part 5: Practical Grammar Unit 15: Passive Voice Unit 16: Reported Speech Unit 17: Gerunds & Infinitives Unit 18: Phrasal Verbs Appendices Irregular Verbs List Spelling Rules Contractions Additional Practice Exercises Part 1: Foundations Unit 1: The Verb “To Be” (am, is, are) Explanation: “To be” is used to describe people, places, things, and feelings.

02 IIT Madras BS Descriptive Statistics

Certainly! Below is a detailed explanation of the key topics in the IIT Madras BS Descriptive Statistics PDF, presented with examples, questions, and step-by-step solutions in a clear and structured layout[1]. 1. Introduction to Statistics Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. Key Concepts Population: All elements of interest (e.g., all houses in Tamil Nadu). Sample: A subset of the population (e.g., 1000 houses from Tamil Nadu). Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing and describing data. Inferential Statistics: Drawing conclusions about a population from sample data. Example: A teacher wants to know the average marks of all students in a school. She collects a sample of students and calculates their average. If she uses this to estimate the school average, she is using inferential statistics.

03 Sentence Rearrangement

Sentence Rearrangement: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 🧩🔄 What is Sentence Rearrangement? 🤔 Rearranging a group of jumbled sentences into the correct, logical order. Common in exams like SSC CHSL. Tests your ability to understand sequence, logic, and flow in English passages. 📝 Types of Sentence Rearrangement Questions 📚 Basic Format All statements are jumbled. Arrange them logically. Example: 1️⃣ Rani fills the form to the dance show 2️⃣ A talent hunt show is looking for Classical dancers like Rani 3️⃣ Rani is called for auditions 4️⃣ Rani is a trained Bharatnatyam dancer 5️⃣ Rani gets selected Correct Order: 4️⃣2️⃣1️⃣3️⃣5️⃣ Static First Statement The first sentence is fixed; arrange the rest. Static Last Statement The last sentence is fixed; arrange the others. Static First and Last Statement Both first and last sentences are fixed; arrange sentences in between. How to Solve Sentence Rearrangement Questions? 🛠️ Read all statements carefully and find common points. 👀 Look for connecting words like and, but, yet, when, then, they, anyway, etc. 🔗 Spot patterns or sequences (chronological, cause-effect, etc.). 🕰️ Check for pronouns (he, she, it, they) and references—these usually follow the noun they refer to. 👩‍🦰➡️She Start with the most general/introductory sentence and end with the conclusion or result. 🎬 Once arranged, re-read the passage to ensure it makes sense. 🔄 Tips & Tricks for Quick Solving ⚡ Paragraphs with a static statement are easier—use the fixed point to anchor your logic. 🏁 Strong vocabulary helps you understand sentence meanings and connections faster. 📖 Practice regularly to improve speed and accuracy! ⏱️ Practice Questions with Answers & Emojis 📝 Our body takes in many toxins from R) The atmosphere and the food P) We eat, and we must have Q) A process for purging these impurities. Correct Order: RPQ In hatha yoga, P) There are practices R) To purify the stomach Q) And the alimentary canal. Correct Order: PRQ Calling for coordinated action between government and judiciary to reduce Q) Pendency of commercial litigation, the Economic Survey said that P) The initiative would help in improving ease of doing R) Business (EODB) and boost economic activities. Correct Order: QPR On the mental plane, worries, fears, anxieties Q) And tensions that we experience in our daily life, R) All create an accumulation P) Of impurities in the subconscious mind. Correct Order: QRP Private investment seems poised R) To rebound with efforts being made for Q) Expeditious resolution of bad loans and P) Adequate recapitalisation of public sector banks (PSBs). Correct Order: RQP General Example with Step-by-Step Logic 🧠 Jumbled:

04 Idioms

What Are Idioms and Phrases? 🤔 Idioms are expressions whose meanings are different from the literal meanings of the words. Example: “Break the ice” means to start a conversation, not literally break ice! 🧊🗣️ Phrases are groups of words that work together as a unit, often with a special meaning. Why Are They Important? 🏆 Idioms and phrases are common in English exams (SSC, RRB, Bank, etc.). Knowing them helps you score well and sound more natural in English! 🎯

05 Pronouns

Pronouns: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 📝🤗 What is a Pronoun? 🤔 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition or to point at something specific. Example: Sarah has always loved fashion. She announced that she wants to go to fashion school. 👧➡️👩‍🎓 Types of Pronouns & Examples with Emojis 1. Personal Pronouns 👤👥 Refer to people or things. Show point of view (person): First person: I, we (speaker) Second person: you (spoken to) Third person: he, she, it, they (spoken about) Subject/Object/Possessive forms: Person Subject Object Possessive Adj. Possessive Pronoun I I me my mine We we us our ours You you you your yours He/She/It he/she/it him/her/it his/her/its his/hers/its They they them their theirs - Example: **She** gave **him** her book. 📚 2. Possessive Pronouns 🏠 Show ownership. my, our, your, her, its, their, his (adjectives) mine, ours, yours, hers, its, theirs, his (pronouns) Example: This is her pen. That house is ours. 🖊️🏡 Never use apostrophes: hers, theirs, ours. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns 👉 Point to things/people: this, these, that, those This/these (near), that/those (far) Example: These are my shoes. 👟 4. Distributive Pronouns 🔄 Refer to items one at a time: each, either, any, none, neither, every Always singular; use singular verb. Example: Each of us thinks the same. 🤝 5. Reciprocal Pronouns 🔁 Show mutual action: each other (for two), one another (for more than two) Example: They really love each other. ❤️ 6. Reflexive Pronouns 🪞 When subject and object are the same. myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Example: I hurt myself. The boys hid themselves. 🤕 7. Emphatic (Emphasizing) Pronouns 💪 Used for emphasis (can be removed without changing meaning). myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Example: You, yourself, are responsible for your problems. 😤 8. Indefinite Pronouns ❓ Refer to non-specific people/things: everybody, nobody, little, no one, everything, nothing, all, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, something, anything, some, any, both, another, much, few Example: Someone ate my sandwich! 🥪 9. Relative Pronouns 🔗 Link clauses, give more info: who, which, that, whom, whose Example: Have you seen those people who we met on holiday? 🏖️ 10. Interrogative Pronouns ❓ Used to ask questions: who, which, whose, whom, what Example: What do you want for dinner? 🍽️ Key Rules & Tricks 🎯 Personal pronouns: Choose subject/object form by removing the other noun and checking what sounds right. Correct: She and I liked the book. 📖 Correct: The teacher gave chocolates to her and me. 🍫 Possessive pronouns: Never use apostrophes (hers, theirs, ours). Distributive pronouns: Always singular verb. Correct: Each of us thinks the same. Reciprocal pronouns: Each other for two, one another for more than two. Reflexive vs. Emphatic: Reflexive is essential (I hurt myself), emphatic is for stress (You, yourself, are responsible). Relative pronouns: Use who for people, which for things, that for people or things. Common Errors & Corrections ❌✅ Wrong: well appreciated by them who attended Correct: well appreciated by those who attended Wrong: pleura that cover the exterior Correct: pleura that covers the exterior Wrong: does not understand that how one can Correct: does not understand how one can Wrong: asked him that why he had not Correct: asked him why he had not Wrong: recognition of their efforts (for a man) Correct: recognition of his efforts Wrong: emptied of their tourists (for a place) Correct: emptied of its tourists Wrong: an advisory its issued Correct: an advisory it issued Practice Questions with Answers 📝 His speech was very thought provoking and well appreciated by them who attended… Correct: by those who attended. The pleura that cover the exterior part… Correct: The pleura that covers the exterior part… She does not understand that how one can… Correct: She does not understand how one can… Asked him that why he had not obtained… Correct: Asked him why he had not obtained… Recognition of their efforts for peace… Correct: Recognition of his efforts for peace… Emptied of their tourists… Correct: Emptied of its tourists… An advisory its issued… Correct: An advisory it issued… Quick Reference Table 📊 Pronoun Type Examples Emoji Personal I, you, he, she, it, we, they 👤👥 Possessive my, your, his, her, its, our 🏠 Demonstrative this, that, these, those 👉 Distributive each, either, neither, every 🔄 Reciprocal each other, one another 🔁 Reflexive/Emphatic myself, yourself, themselves 🪞💪 Indefinite someone, anyone, few, all ❓ Relative who, whom, which, that, whose 🔗 Interrogative who, what, which, whose, whom ❓ Tip:

06 Error Spotting

Error Spotting: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 🕵️‍♂️✅ What is Error Spotting? 🤔 Error spotting means finding grammar or usage mistakes in sentences. Common in English exams like SSC CHSL. With practice and some rules, you can master this section! 💪 Top Tips for Error Spotting 📝 Some singular nouns are actually plural! Words like: police, clergy, people, cattle. ❌ People has left. ✅ People have left. 👥 Some nouns always take a plural verb. Words like: clothes, scissors, trousers, spectacles. ❌ The spectacles is missing. ✅ The spectacles are missing. 👓 Measurement nouns stay singular after numbers (if followed by another noun). ❌ This is a 9-meters scale. ✅ This is a 9-meter scale. 📏 Keep pronouns consistent! ❌ One must help his siblings. ✅ One must help one’s siblings. 👤 Use ‘whose’ for people, ‘which’ for things. ❌ Which phone is kept on charging? ✅ Whose phone is kept on charging? 📱 ‘Fewer’ for number, ‘less’ for quantity. ❌ No less than thirty dogs were. ✅ No fewer than thirty dogs were. 🐶 Question tags are always opposite in polarity. ❌ It’s a bit early, is it? ✅ It’s a bit early, isn’t it? ⏰ Use ’that’ after superlative adjectives, not ‘who’ or ‘which’. ❌ These are the best which he could get. ✅ These are the best that he could get. 🥇 ‘As’ is used before and after adjectives to show equality. ❌ I can write as fast, if not faster than her. ✅ I can write as fast as, if not faster than her. ✍️ ‘Though’ is followed by ‘yet’, not ‘but’. ❌ Though he is rich but he is kind. ✅ Though he is rich, yet he is kind. 💰 Never use ‘not’ with ‘unless’. ❌ Unless you do not pay the fine, you will not be excused. ✅ Unless you pay the fine, you will not be excused. 💵 ‘While’ for time duration, ‘when’ for general sense. ❌ When learning how to box, the technique is important. ✅ While learning how to box, the technique is important. 🥊 Smart Strategies for Error Spotting 🧠 Read the sentence carefully for meaning and structure. Check each part independently if the error isn’t obvious. Eliminate wrong choices before selecting your answer. Remember: The error is always underlined or highlighted. Common Error Examples with Explanations 📝 1. Singular/Plural & Determiners ❌ Their was a place near the resort… ✅ There was a place near the resort… 🏨 2. Negative Sentences ❌ Katherine did not want something to do with Richard… ✅ Katherine did not want anything to do with Richard… 🚫 3. Quantifiers ❌ The results weren’t announced for much time… ✅ The results weren’t announced for some time… ⏳ 4. Articles ❌ A only reason Mario decided… ✅ The only reason Mario decided… 🎯 5. Countable/Uncountable ❌ Much people decide to fast… ✅ Many people decide to fast… 🙏 Quick Reference Table 📊 Error Type Wrong Example Correct Example Emoji Plural Noun People has left. People have left. 👥 Plural Form The spectacles is missing. The spectacles are missing. 👓 Measurement 9-meters scale 9-meter scale 📏 Pronoun Consistency One must help his siblings. One must help one’s siblings. 👤 Whose/Which Which phone is kept on charging? Whose phone is kept on charging? 📱 Fewer/Less No less than thirty dogs were. No fewer than thirty dogs were. 🐶 Question Tag It’s a bit early, is it? It’s a bit early, isn’t it? ⏰ Superlative/That The best which he could get. The best that he could get. 🥇 As…As As fast, if not faster than her. As fast as, if not faster than her. ✍️ Though/Yet Though he is rich but he is kind. Though he is rich, yet he is kind. 💰 Unless/Not Unless you do not pay the fine… Unless you pay the fine… 💵 While/When When learning how to box… While learning how to box… 🥊 How to Practice? 💡 Read sentences and look for these common errors. Try to spot which part is wrong and why. Practice with real exam-style questions. Keep practicing these rules and examples! Error spotting will become much easier! 🌟 12

07 Fill in the blanks

Fill in the Blanks: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis ✍️📝 What is “Fill in the Blanks”? 🤔 A question type where you choose the correct word(s) to complete a sentence. Tests your vocabulary, grammar, idioms, phrases, and understanding of sentence structure. 📚 Important Topics to Revise 📖 Vocabulary: Know a wide range of words and their meanings. 📖 Idioms: Phrases with meanings different from their individual words. 🗣️ Phrases: Groups of words acting as a single unit. 🧩 Clauses: Groups of words with a subject and predicate (often in complex sentences). 📝 Grammar Concepts: Nouns, pronouns, tenses, prepositions, conjunctions, adjectives, subject-verb agreement, etc. 🧠 Top Tips for Solving Fill in the Blanks 🏆 Improve your vocabulary regularly. Learn new words every day! 📚 Read the question carefully. There’s usually a clue in the sentence. 🕵️‍♂️ Look for grammar hints in the sentence (tense, subject-verb agreement, etc.). 📏 Pay attention to idioms and phrases. Know their meanings and usage. 💡 After choosing an option, read the sentence again to check if it makes sense. 🔄 Manage your time—don’t spend too long on one question! ⏰ Practice Examples with Explanations & Emojis Single Word for Multiple Blanks 🔤 He was met by a _____ of noisy, angry youths. The British feel no compunction about ushering the gentry into the coach and packing the _____ off to debtor’s prison. We arrived at the grounds after following a _____ of butterflies. Tourists _____ to the picturesque village. Answer: rabble (a disorderly crowd, ordinary people, a large group, present in large number) 👥🦋 - You and all the others like you are ______. Some calls were vitriolic, accusing us of publishing pornography and________. Stagnant pools of _____ are scattered all over this area. The windows were thick with ______. Answer: filth (corrupted, obscene material, mire, ingrained dirt) 🦠🧼 The building has been lovingly ________. The effort to _____ him to office isn’t working. The government _____ confidence in the housing market. The steering box was recently ______. Answer: restored (repair, return to former condition, bring back, take apart and fix) 🏚️🔧 The debate has become ______ by conflicting ideological perspectives. None of this should ______ the skill and perseverance of the workers. Grey clouds ______ the sun. His origins and parentage are ______. Answer: obscured (unclear, not known, not seen, uncertain) 🌫️🌥️ A good ______ walk is good for health. She adopted a ______, businesslike tone. The sea was shimmering and heaving beneath the ______ breeze. The archers played a ______ part in the victory. Answer: brisk (active, energetic, quick, invigorating) 🚶💨 Pair of Words for Sentences 👬 - It is shameful and horrifying and totally _____ and completely _____ that gender activists have failed to address this gaping inequality. Answer: problematic, unacceptable (not satisfactory or allowable) 🚫 - We still hear about the wage gap almost daily, and even though it’s a myth, we _____ still marshal our resources to _____ this imaginary injustice. Answer: should, rectify (should correct) ✔️ - The burning of crop _____, which has been identified as the villain-in-chief of the current crisis, has _____ a large number of northern cities. Answer: stubble, impacted (crop remains, affected) 🌾💥 - Facebook has said that the initiative, which could be _____ to other countries based on the response, is really aimed at protecting users by ensuring that nude photos and other _____ images of them don’t get posted on Facebook, Instagram and other platforms without their consent. Answer: extended, intimate (spread to, private images) 🌍🔒 - While India has never ______ that the Indian Ocean is – India’s Ocean, China has _____ the bulk of the South China Sea as China’s Sea and even extended its claim to Indonesia’s shores. Answer: claimed, claimed (asserted ownership) 🌊🇮🇳🇨🇳 Fill in the Blank with Two Possible Words 📝 - The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed _____ the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot. Answer: across, through (both fit) 🖊️ - Formalist followers _______ translated the fabula/syuzhet to the concept of story/plot. Answer: eventually, finally (both fit) ⏳ - The recording machinery was kept ______ screens. Answer: behind, beyond (both fit) 🎛️🖥️ - History is not an _______ fact, but a reflection of certain attitudes, preconceptions, and injustices. Answer: immutable, entrenched (both fit) 📜 - Soon we were driving ______ a narrow road. Answer: along, across (both fit) 🚗🛣️ Three Statements, One Word for All Blanks 🎯 - I stopped and listened, _______ my ears for any sound. ________ the custard into a bowl. The usual type of chair puts an enormous ________ on the spine. Answer: strain (listen hard, pour, pressure) 👂🍮💪 - It is hard for logic to ______ over emotion. She was _______ upon to give an account of her work. Evil cannot ______; we must defeat it. Answer: prevail (win, called upon, survive) 🏆 - She _______ her hand as if she’d been burnt. The sea otter can ______ the claws on its front feet. He _______ his allegations. Answer: retract (pull back, withdraw) ✋🦦 - Success will become ever more _______. The _______ thought he had had moments before. The truth can be _______, even feared. Answer: elusive (difficult to catch/define) 🦋 - The doctor recorded her blood pressure on a _______. Cook _______ed the coasts and waters of New Zealand. The record will probably _______ at about No. 74. Answer: chart (medical, map, music ranking) 📈🗺️ Summary Table 📊 Skill Tested What to Revise Emoji Vocabulary Word meanings, synonyms 📚 Idioms/Phrases Usage and meanings 🗣️ Grammar Nouns, pronouns, tenses, etc. 🧠 Context Clues Read for hints in sentences 🔍 Practice daily, read carefully, and always double-check your answer in the sentence! Good luck! 🍀📖

08 Nouns

Nouns: Easy Study Material with Emojis 📚😃 What is a Noun? 🤔 A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: Ram (person) 👦, Delhi (place) 🏙️, dog (thing) 🐕, strength (idea) 💪1. Kinds of Nouns 🏷️ Proper Noun Names a specific person or place. Examples: Ram, Shyam, Delhi. Tip: “Mango” is not a proper noun unless it’s a specific type, like “Alphonso mango.” 🥭1 Common Noun Names any person or thing of the same kind. Examples: boy, teacher, dog, shoe. 👦👩‍🏫🐕👟1 Collective Noun Names a group of people or things. Examples: army, committee, crowd. 🪖👥1 Abstract Noun Names an idea, quality, or state—not a physical object. Examples: strength, innocence, fear, judgment. 💪😇😱⚖️1 Material Noun Names materials or substances. Examples: cotton, gold, silver, protein. 🧵🥇1 Types of Nouns by Countability 🔢 Countable Nouns: Things you can count (book, apple, doctor, horse, kilogram). Ask: “How many?” 📚🍏👨‍⚕️🐎 Uncountable Nouns: Things you can’t count (milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty). Ask: “How much?” 🥛🛢️🍯🥇1 Rules for Singular and Plural Nouns 📝 Rule #1: Always Singular Nouns Words like: scenery, advice, information, machinery, stationery, furniture, news, poetry, mathematics, ethics, innings, gallows. Examples: ✅ Mathematics is a difficult subject. 🧮 ✅ The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting. 🏞️ ❌ Advices are given… → ✅ Advice is given…1 Rule #2: Plural in Meaning, Singular in Form Words like: cattle, peasantry, clergy, gentry, artillery, company, vermin, people, police. Examples: ✅ The cattle are grazing in the ground. 🐄 ✅ The police have the situation under control. 👮‍♂️1 Rule #3: Always Plural Nouns Words like: trousers, stockings, goods, scissors, shorts, alms, spectacles, measles, premises, thanks, tidings, annals. Examples: ✅ Where are my trousers? 👖 ✅ Spectacles are costly items. 👓1 Rule #4: Measurement Nouns Stay Singular After Numbers Words: feet, score, year, meter, dozen, hundred, pair, head, rupee, million, litre, tola. Examples: ✅ A dozen people were killed. 👥 ✅ Two hundred rupee notes. 💵 ✅ Two kilometre stretch of road. 🛣️1 Special Cases: Collective Nouns Singular when acting as one unit: The team has not arrived yet. 🏆 Plural when acting as individuals: The jury were divided in their opinion. 👩‍⚖️👨‍⚖️1 Singular vs Plural: Different Meanings Word Singular Meaning Plural Meaning Emoji Air atmosphere airs = pretensions 🌬️😌 Authority command authorities = officials 🗣️👮‍♂️ Good wise goods = property 🧠📦 Iron metal irons = chains 🪙⛓️ Force strength forces = army 💪🪖 Content satisfaction contents = things inside 😌📦 Respect regards respects = compliments 🙏👏 Work job works = factories, art 💼🏭 Frequently Asked Collective Nouns 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 A band of musicians 🎶 A board of directors 🏢 A bunch of grapes 🍇 A fleet of ships 🚢 A flock of birds 🐦 A herd of cattle 🐄 A litter of puppies 🐶 A pack of hounds 🐕 A pair of shoes 👟 A swarm of bees 🐝 A troop of horses 🐎 A volley of shots 💥 A class of students 🧑‍🎓1 Noun Phrases & Noun Clauses 📚 Noun Phrase: A noun + its modifiers. Example: The yellow house is for sale. 🏠 Example: I want Nike’s new skateboard. 🛹1 Noun Clause: A dependent clause acting as a noun. Begins with: how, that, what, when, where, whether, which, who, why, etc. Example: The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively. 🎯 Example: Choose a gift for whomever you want. 🎁1 Common Errors & Corrections ❌✅ ❌ The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting. ✅ The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting. 🏞️ ❌ Advices are given… ✅ Advice is given… 💡 ❌ The cattle is grazing… ✅ The cattle are grazing… 🐄 ❌ Where is my trousers? ✅ Where are my trousers? 👖 ❌ Spectacles is a costly item. ✅ Spectacles are costly items. 👓1 Quick Reference Table 📊 Noun Type Example(s) Emoji Proper Ram, Delhi 👦🏙️ Common boy, teacher, dog 👦👩‍🏫🐕 Collective army, crowd, team 🪖👥🏆 Abstract strength, fear 💪😱 Material cotton, gold 🧵🥇 Countable apple, book 🍏📚 Uncountable milk, honesty 🥛😇 Tips:

09 Synonyms - Antonyms

Synonyms & Antonyms: Easy Study Material with Emojis 😃📚 What Are Synonyms and Antonyms? 🤔 Synonyms: Words with the same or nearly the same meaning. Example: Happy 😊 — Joyful 😄 Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings. Example: Happy 😊 — Sad 😢 How to Use Synonyms and Antonyms in Exams? 📝 Replace a word in a sentence with its synonym or antonym to keep the meaning the same or opposite. Useful for vocabulary questions, sentence completion, and comprehension. Common Synonyms & Antonyms List with Emojis Word Synonyms (Same) Antonyms (Opposite) Emoji Abate Moderate, decrease Aggravate 📉↗️ Adhere Comply, observe Condemn, disjoin 🤝🚫 Abolish Abrogate, annul Establish, setup ❌🏗️ Acumen Awareness, brilliance Stupidity, ignorance 💡🤷 Abash Disconcert, rattle Uphold, compose 😳😌 Absolve Pardon, forgive Compel, accuse 🙏🚔 Abjure Forsake, renounce Approve, sanction 🏃‍♂️✅ Abject Despicable, servile Commendable, praiseworthy 😔👏 Abound Flourish, proliferate Deficient, destitute 🌱🥀 Abortive Vain, unproductive Productive 🛑✅ Acrimony Harshness, bitterness Courtesy, benevolence 😠😊 Accord Agreement, harmony Discord 🤝⚡ Admonish Counsel, reprove Approve, applaud 👆👏 Allay Pacify, soothe Aggravate, excite 🧘‍♂️🔥 Alien Foreigner, outsider Native, resident 👽🏠 Ascend Climb, escalate Descend, decline ⬆️⬇️ Alleviate Abate, relieve Aggravate, enhance 💊🔥 Allure Entice, fascinate Repulse, repel 🧲🚫 Amplify Augment, deepen Lessen, contract 🔊🔉 Audacity Boldness, courage Cowardice, mildness 🦁🐭 Authentic Accurate, credible Fictitious, unreal ✔️❌ Awkward Rude, blundering Adroit, clever 😬🧠 Bleak Grim, austere Bright, pleasant 🌫️☀️ Benevolent Benign, generous Malevolent, miserly 🤲😠 Busy Active, engaged Idle, lazy 🏃‍♂️😴 Bold Adventurous Timid 🦁🐱 Boisterous Clamorous, rowdy Placid, calm 🗣️😌 Blunt Dull, insensitive Keen, sharp ✂️🔪 Capable Competent, able Incompetent, inept 💪🙅‍♂️ Calamity Adversity, misfortune Fortune ⚡🍀 Chaste Virtuous, pure Sullied, lustful 😇😈 Cease Terminate, desist Begin, originate 🛑▶️ Compassion Kindness, sympathy Cruelty, barbarity ❤️💔 Concede Yield, permit Deny, reject 🙆‍♂️🙅‍♂️ Concur Approve, agree Differ, disagree 👍👎 Consequence Effect, outcome Origin, start 🎯🚦 Conspicuous Prominent, obvious Concealed, hidden 👀🙈 Contrary Dissimilar, conflicting Similar, alike 🔄= Contradict Deny, oppose Approve, confirm ❌✔️ Calm Harmonious, unruffled Stormy, turbulent 🧘‍♀️🌪️ Candid Blunt, bluff Evasive 🗣️🤐 Camouflage Cloak, disguise Reveal 🥷🔎 Captivate Charm, fascinate Disillusion, offend 😍😒 Chastise Punish, admonish Cheer, encourage 👊👏 Consent Agree, permit Object, disagree ✅❌ Consolidate Solidify, strengthen Separate, weaken 🏗️💔 Courtesy Generosity, reverence Disdain, rudeness 🙇‍♂️😤 Cunning Acute, smart Naive, coarse 🦊🐑 Decipher Interpret, reveal Misinterpret, distort 🔍❓ Decay Collapse, decompose Flourish, progress 🦠🌱 Defile Contaminate, pollute Purify, sanctify 🦠💧 Demolish Ruin, devastate Repair, construct 🏚️🏠 Deliberate Cautious, intentional Rash, sudden 🤔⚡ Deride Mock, taunt Inspire, encourage 😜👏 Deprive Despoil, divest Restore, renew ❌🔄 Dissuade Remonstrate, counsel Incite, persuade 🙅‍♂️👍 Docile Pliable, pliant Headstrong, obstinate 🐑🐂 Dwarf Diminutive, petite Huge, giant 🧒🦏 Eager Keen, acquisitive Indifferent, apathetic 🤩😑 Ecstasy Delight, exultation Despair, calamity 😍😭 Eccentric Strange, abnormal Natural, conventional 🤪🙂 Eloquence Expression, fluency Halting, stammering 🗣️🤐 Enormous Colossal, mammoth Diminutive, negligible 🦣🐜 Endeavour Undertake, aspire Cease, quit 🚀🛑 Eradicate Destroy, exterminate Secure, plant 🔥🌱 Fanatical Narrow-minded, biased Liberal, tolerant 🤬🧘‍♂️ Feeble Weak, frail Strong, robust 🧓💪 Fluctuate Deflect, vacillate Stabilize, resolve ↕️⏹️ Fragile Weak, infirm Enduring, tough 🥚🪨 Frugal Economy, providence Lavishness, extravagance 💸💰 Gloom Obscurity, darkness Delight, mirth 🌑😃 Gorgeous Magnificent, dazzling Dull, unpretentious 👸😐 Gracious Courteous, beneficent Rude, unforgiving 🙏😠 Genuine Absolute, factual Spurious ✔️❌ Glory Dignity, renown Shame, disgrace 🏆😞 Harass Irritate, molest Assist, comfort 😡🤗 Haughty Arrogant, pompous Humble, submissive 😤🙏 Hideous Frightful, shocking Attractive, alluring 😱😍 Honor Adoration, reverence Denunciation, shame 🏅😔 Humble Meek, timid Proud, assertive 🙇‍♂️😎 Impartial Just, unbiased Prejudiced, biased ⚖️🤚 Indigent Destitute, impoverished Rich, affluent 🧑‍🤝‍🧑💰 Interesting Enchanting, riveting Dull, uninteresting 🤩😴 Insipid Tedious, prosaic Pleasing, appetizing 😐😋 Immense Huge, enormous Puny, insignificant 🗻🐜 Immaculate Unsullied, spotless Defiled, tarnished 🤍🖤 Inevitable Unavoidable, ascertained Unlikely, doubtful 🛣️❓ Jubilant Rejoicing, triumphant Melancholy, depressing 😁😭 Keen Sharp, poignant Vapid, insipid 🔪🥱 Lax Slack, careless Firm, reliable 😴💪 Lavish Abundant, excessive Scarce, deficient 💸🪙 Lucid Sound, rational Obscure, hidden 💡🌑 Modest Humble, courteous Arrogant, pompous 🙇‍♂️😤 Momentous Notable, eventful Trivial, insignificant 🎉🗒️ Nimble Prompt, brisk Sluggish, languid 🏃‍♂️🐢 Novice Tyro, beginner Veteran, ingenious 🐣🦉 Obscure Arcane, vague Prominent, obvious 🌫️🔦 Optimist Idealist Pessimist 😊😟 Placid Tranquil, calm Turbulent, hostile 🧘‍♂️🌪️ Predicament Plight, dilemma Resolution, confidence 🤔😎 Quell Subdue, reduce Exacerbate, agitate 🤫🔥 Rectify Amend, remedy Falsify, worsen 🛠️❌ Reluctant Cautious, averse Anxious, eager 🤷‍♂️😃 Rustic Rural, uncivilized Cultured, refined 🚜🎩 Ruthless Remorseless, inhumane Compassionate, lenient 🦁🤗 Savage Wild, untamed Polished, civilized 🐅🕴️ Succinct Concise, terse Lengthy, polite ✂️📝 Taciturn Reserved, silent Talkative, extrovert 🤫🗣️ Tedious Wearisome, irksome Exhilarating, lively 😪🤩 Tenacious Stubborn, dogged Docile, non-resinous 🐶🐑 Timid Diffident, coward Bold, intrepid 🐭🦁 Tranquil Peaceful, composed Violent, furious 🧘‍♂️😡 Transparent Diaphanous Opaque 🪟🪞 Vain Arrogant, egoistic Modest 😏🙇‍♂️ Valor Bravery, prowess Fear, cowardice 🦁😱 Veteran Ingenious, experienced Novice, tyro 🦉🐣 Vicious Corrupt, obnoxious Noble, virtuous 😈😇 Vigilant Cautious, alert Careless, negligent 👀😴 Vivacious Spirited, energetic Dispirited, unattractive 😊😒 Zenith Summit, apex Nadir, base 🏔️⬇️ Zeal Eagerness, fervor Apathy, lethargy 🔥😴 Sample Practice Questions with Answers & Emojis Uncouth Meaning: Ill-mannered Synonym: 2️⃣ Ill-mannered 😒 Vociferous Meaning: Loud Synonym: 4️⃣ Loud 🔊 Abortive Meaning: Ineffective Synonym: 1️⃣ Ineffective 🚫 Vapid Meaning: Dull Synonym: 1️⃣ Dull 😑 Masterly Meaning: Brilliant Synonym: 2️⃣ Brilliant 🌟 Doleful Meaning: Gloomy Synonym: 3️⃣ Gloomy 😢 Terse Meaning: Brief Synonym: 2️⃣ Brief ✂️ Placid Meaning: Calm Synonym: 1️⃣ Calm 😌 Scintillating Meaning: Sparkling Synonym: 3️⃣ Sparkling ✨ Combat Meaning: Fight Synonym: 4️⃣ Fight 🥊 Tips for Mastering Synonyms and Antonyms 💡 Read regularly to see new words in context. Practice with flashcards using emojis for quick recall. Group words by meaning to remember them better. Use in sentences to understand subtle differences. Keep practicing these lists and examples with emojis for easy recall and exam success! 🌟 123

10 Verbs and Tense

Verbs and Tenses: Easy Study Material with Emojis 😃⏳ What is a Verb? 🤔 A verb is an action word that tells what the subject is doing. Example: Maria sings. 🎤 Every complete sentence needs a verb to make sense. Example: Sing! (You is implied.) 🎶 Key Parts of a Sentence 🧩 Subject: The doer of the verb. 👤 Verb: The action or state. 🏃‍♂️ Object: The receiver of the action. 🎯 Subject-Verb Agreement Rules 📏 1. Singular Subject = Singular Verb / Plural Subject = Plural Verb The dog is playing. 🐕 The dogs are playing. 🐕🐕🐕 2. ‘And’ Joins Two Subjects = Plural Verb My friend and his mother are in town. 👩‍👦 3. ‘And’ Refers to Same Person/Thing = Singular Verb The captain and coach has been sacked. (One person) 🧑‍✈️ 4. Indefinite Pronouns (everyone, someone, nobody, etc.) = Always Singular Everyone is selfish. 🧑 5. Percentages/Parts: Plural Meaning = Plural Verb 40 out of 100 children are malnourished. 👧👦 6. ‘Either/Or’ or ‘Neither/Nor’: Verb Agrees with Nearest Subject Neither you nor your dogs know how to behave. 🐶 Either you or I am at fault. 👤 7. ‘Either’/‘Neither’ as Pronouns = Singular Verb Either of the books is fine. 📚 8. Connectives (along with, as well as, together with): Verb Matches First Subject Mr. Ram, accompanied by his wife, was banished. 👨‍🦱👩 9. ‘A number of’ = Plural Verb / ‘The number of’ = Singular Verb A number of students are going. 👨‍🎓 The number of questions is 25. 2️⃣5️⃣ 10. Units of Measurement/Time = Singular Verb Five gallons of oil was required. 🛢️ 11. ‘Few, Many, Several, Both, All, Some’ + Countable Noun = Plural Verb Some men are needed. 👨‍🔧 12. ‘Few, Many, Several, Both, All, Some’ + Uncountable Noun = Singular Verb Some data was stolen. 💻 Practice Questions with Answers & Emojis 📝 Critics allege that the government is trying to leverage last year’s disaster and use the funds they collected for reconstruction… Tip: Use ‘for’ with nouns like ‘reconstruction’. 🏗️ Some of these dams are witnessing record low levels… Use present continuous for ongoing actions. 💧 …what the surveillance cameras may have recorded in or near Epstein’s cell. Use past participle ‘recorded’ with ‘have’. 📹 …says his countries will not be able to hold up its side of an immigration agreement… Use the idiom ‘hold up’ for ‘withstand’. 🤝 It looks like the Supreme Court will score a goal for women… Use ‘will’ for present/future, not ‘had’. ⚽ The cat looked desperate to get inside… Use ‘to’ + base verb (to get). 🐈 Social justice deals with various aspects… Use present tense if the sentence is about a current fact. ⚖️ …most of the scientific advances believed to have been made in Europe… Use past tense ‘believed’ for past context. 🧑‍🔬 The state’s new policy on tourism is supposed to give investors a big advantage. Correct verb form: ‘is supposed to’. 🏨 She let the student who caused the accident off the hook. Correct relative pronoun and verb tense. 🚗 Quick Tips for Verbs & Tenses 💡 Always check if the subject and verb agree in number! Watch for common connectors and pronouns that affect verb choice. Use present continuous (‘is/are + -ing’) for ongoing actions. Use the correct tense for the context (present, past, future). For measurement, time, and collective nouns, check if the group acts as one or many. Practice these rules and examples with emojis for easy recall and exam success! 😃📖

11 Sentence Correction

Sentence Correction: Study Material with Emojis 📝✨ Key Rules for Sentence Correction 🎯 Rule #1: No Article with “Kind of/Sort of/Type of” 🚫📖 Don’t use “a/an/the” with “kind of,” “sort of,” “type of,” etc. ❌ What type of the books you like to read? ✅ What type of books you like to read? ❌ What sort of an insect is that? ✅ What sort of insect is that? Rule #2: “Each of/One of/None of” + Plural Noun 👥