SSC-CHSL

01 IIT Madras

Documentation and guides to deploy, manage, and monitor your apps.

02 SSC CHSL Exam

Documentation and guides to deploy, manage, and monitor your apps.

03 Sentence Rearrangement

Sentence Rearrangement: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 🧩🔄 What is Sentence Rearrangement? 🤔 Rearranging a group of jumbled sentences into the correct, logical order. Common in exams like SSC CHSL. Tests your ability to understand sequence, logic, and flow in English passages. 📝 Types of Sentence Rearrangement Questions 📚 Basic Format All statements are jumbled. Arrange them logically. Example: 1️⃣ Rani fills the form to the dance show 2️⃣ A talent hunt show is looking for Classical dancers like Rani 3️⃣ Rani is called for auditions 4️⃣ Rani is a trained Bharatnatyam dancer 5️⃣ Rani gets selected Correct Order: 4️⃣2️⃣1️⃣3️⃣5️⃣ Static First Statement The first sentence is fixed; arrange the rest. Static Last Statement The last sentence is fixed; arrange the others. Static First and Last Statement Both first and last sentences are fixed; arrange sentences in between. How to Solve Sentence Rearrangement Questions? 🛠️ Read all statements carefully and find common points. 👀 Look for connecting words like and, but, yet, when, then, they, anyway, etc. 🔗 Spot patterns or sequences (chronological, cause-effect, etc.). 🕰️ Check for pronouns (he, she, it, they) and references—these usually follow the noun they refer to. 👩‍🦰➡️She Start with the most general/introductory sentence and end with the conclusion or result. 🎬 Once arranged, re-read the passage to ensure it makes sense. 🔄 Tips & Tricks for Quick Solving ⚡ Paragraphs with a static statement are easier—use the fixed point to anchor your logic. 🏁 Strong vocabulary helps you understand sentence meanings and connections faster. 📖 Practice regularly to improve speed and accuracy! ⏱️ Practice Questions with Answers & Emojis 📝 Our body takes in many toxins from R) The atmosphere and the food P) We eat, and we must have Q) A process for purging these impurities. Correct Order: RPQ In hatha yoga, P) There are practices R) To purify the stomach Q) And the alimentary canal. Correct Order: PRQ Calling for coordinated action between government and judiciary to reduce Q) Pendency of commercial litigation, the Economic Survey said that P) The initiative would help in improving ease of doing R) Business (EODB) and boost economic activities. Correct Order: QPR On the mental plane, worries, fears, anxieties Q) And tensions that we experience in our daily life, R) All create an accumulation P) Of impurities in the subconscious mind. Correct Order: QRP Private investment seems poised R) To rebound with efforts being made for Q) Expeditious resolution of bad loans and P) Adequate recapitalisation of public sector banks (PSBs). Correct Order: RQP General Example with Step-by-Step Logic 🧠 Jumbled:

04 Idioms

What Are Idioms and Phrases? 🤔 Idioms are expressions whose meanings are different from the literal meanings of the words. Example: “Break the ice” means to start a conversation, not literally break ice! 🧊🗣️ Phrases are groups of words that work together as a unit, often with a special meaning. Why Are They Important? 🏆 Idioms and phrases are common in English exams (SSC, RRB, Bank, etc.). Knowing them helps you score well and sound more natural in English! 🎯

05 Pronouns

Pronouns: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 📝🤗 What is a Pronoun? 🤔 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition or to point at something specific. Example: Sarah has always loved fashion. She announced that she wants to go to fashion school. 👧➡️👩‍🎓 Types of Pronouns & Examples with Emojis 1. Personal Pronouns 👤👥 Refer to people or things. Show point of view (person): First person: I, we (speaker) Second person: you (spoken to) Third person: he, she, it, they (spoken about) Subject/Object/Possessive forms: Person Subject Object Possessive Adj. Possessive Pronoun I I me my mine We we us our ours You you you your yours He/She/It he/she/it him/her/it his/her/its his/hers/its They they them their theirs - Example: **She** gave **him** her book. 📚 2. Possessive Pronouns 🏠 Show ownership. my, our, your, her, its, their, his (adjectives) mine, ours, yours, hers, its, theirs, his (pronouns) Example: This is her pen. That house is ours. 🖊️🏡 Never use apostrophes: hers, theirs, ours. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns 👉 Point to things/people: this, these, that, those This/these (near), that/those (far) Example: These are my shoes. 👟 4. Distributive Pronouns 🔄 Refer to items one at a time: each, either, any, none, neither, every Always singular; use singular verb. Example: Each of us thinks the same. 🤝 5. Reciprocal Pronouns 🔁 Show mutual action: each other (for two), one another (for more than two) Example: They really love each other. ❤️ 6. Reflexive Pronouns 🪞 When subject and object are the same. myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Example: I hurt myself. The boys hid themselves. 🤕 7. Emphatic (Emphasizing) Pronouns 💪 Used for emphasis (can be removed without changing meaning). myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Example: You, yourself, are responsible for your problems. 😤 8. Indefinite Pronouns ❓ Refer to non-specific people/things: everybody, nobody, little, no one, everything, nothing, all, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, something, anything, some, any, both, another, much, few Example: Someone ate my sandwich! 🥪 9. Relative Pronouns 🔗 Link clauses, give more info: who, which, that, whom, whose Example: Have you seen those people who we met on holiday? 🏖️ 10. Interrogative Pronouns ❓ Used to ask questions: who, which, whose, whom, what Example: What do you want for dinner? 🍽️ Key Rules & Tricks 🎯 Personal pronouns: Choose subject/object form by removing the other noun and checking what sounds right. Correct: She and I liked the book. 📖 Correct: The teacher gave chocolates to her and me. 🍫 Possessive pronouns: Never use apostrophes (hers, theirs, ours). Distributive pronouns: Always singular verb. Correct: Each of us thinks the same. Reciprocal pronouns: Each other for two, one another for more than two. Reflexive vs. Emphatic: Reflexive is essential (I hurt myself), emphatic is for stress (You, yourself, are responsible). Relative pronouns: Use who for people, which for things, that for people or things. Common Errors & Corrections ❌✅ Wrong: well appreciated by them who attended Correct: well appreciated by those who attended Wrong: pleura that cover the exterior Correct: pleura that covers the exterior Wrong: does not understand that how one can Correct: does not understand how one can Wrong: asked him that why he had not Correct: asked him why he had not Wrong: recognition of their efforts (for a man) Correct: recognition of his efforts Wrong: emptied of their tourists (for a place) Correct: emptied of its tourists Wrong: an advisory its issued Correct: an advisory it issued Practice Questions with Answers 📝 His speech was very thought provoking and well appreciated by them who attended… Correct: by those who attended. The pleura that cover the exterior part… Correct: The pleura that covers the exterior part… She does not understand that how one can… Correct: She does not understand how one can… Asked him that why he had not obtained… Correct: Asked him why he had not obtained… Recognition of their efforts for peace… Correct: Recognition of his efforts for peace… Emptied of their tourists… Correct: Emptied of its tourists… An advisory its issued… Correct: An advisory it issued… Quick Reference Table 📊 Pronoun Type Examples Emoji Personal I, you, he, she, it, we, they 👤👥 Possessive my, your, his, her, its, our 🏠 Demonstrative this, that, these, those 👉 Distributive each, either, neither, every 🔄 Reciprocal each other, one another 🔁 Reflexive/Emphatic myself, yourself, themselves 🪞💪 Indefinite someone, anyone, few, all ❓ Relative who, whom, which, that, whose 🔗 Interrogative who, what, which, whose, whom ❓ Tip:

06 Error Spotting

Error Spotting: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 🕵️‍♂️✅ What is Error Spotting? 🤔 Error spotting means finding grammar or usage mistakes in sentences. Common in English exams like SSC CHSL. With practice and some rules, you can master this section! 💪 Top Tips for Error Spotting 📝 Some singular nouns are actually plural! Words like: police, clergy, people, cattle. ❌ People has left. ✅ People have left. 👥 Some nouns always take a plural verb. Words like: clothes, scissors, trousers, spectacles. ❌ The spectacles is missing. ✅ The spectacles are missing. 👓 Measurement nouns stay singular after numbers (if followed by another noun). ❌ This is a 9-meters scale. ✅ This is a 9-meter scale. 📏 Keep pronouns consistent! ❌ One must help his siblings. ✅ One must help one’s siblings. 👤 Use ‘whose’ for people, ‘which’ for things. ❌ Which phone is kept on charging? ✅ Whose phone is kept on charging? 📱 ‘Fewer’ for number, ‘less’ for quantity. ❌ No less than thirty dogs were. ✅ No fewer than thirty dogs were. 🐶 Question tags are always opposite in polarity. ❌ It’s a bit early, is it? ✅ It’s a bit early, isn’t it? ⏰ Use ’that’ after superlative adjectives, not ‘who’ or ‘which’. ❌ These are the best which he could get. ✅ These are the best that he could get. 🥇 ‘As’ is used before and after adjectives to show equality. ❌ I can write as fast, if not faster than her. ✅ I can write as fast as, if not faster than her. ✍️ ‘Though’ is followed by ‘yet’, not ‘but’. ❌ Though he is rich but he is kind. ✅ Though he is rich, yet he is kind. 💰 Never use ‘not’ with ‘unless’. ❌ Unless you do not pay the fine, you will not be excused. ✅ Unless you pay the fine, you will not be excused. 💵 ‘While’ for time duration, ‘when’ for general sense. ❌ When learning how to box, the technique is important. ✅ While learning how to box, the technique is important. 🥊 Smart Strategies for Error Spotting 🧠 Read the sentence carefully for meaning and structure. Check each part independently if the error isn’t obvious. Eliminate wrong choices before selecting your answer. Remember: The error is always underlined or highlighted. Common Error Examples with Explanations 📝 1. Singular/Plural & Determiners ❌ Their was a place near the resort… ✅ There was a place near the resort… 🏨 2. Negative Sentences ❌ Katherine did not want something to do with Richard… ✅ Katherine did not want anything to do with Richard… 🚫 3. Quantifiers ❌ The results weren’t announced for much time… ✅ The results weren’t announced for some time… ⏳ 4. Articles ❌ A only reason Mario decided… ✅ The only reason Mario decided… 🎯 5. Countable/Uncountable ❌ Much people decide to fast… ✅ Many people decide to fast… 🙏 Quick Reference Table 📊 Error Type Wrong Example Correct Example Emoji Plural Noun People has left. People have left. 👥 Plural Form The spectacles is missing. The spectacles are missing. 👓 Measurement 9-meters scale 9-meter scale 📏 Pronoun Consistency One must help his siblings. One must help one’s siblings. 👤 Whose/Which Which phone is kept on charging? Whose phone is kept on charging? 📱 Fewer/Less No less than thirty dogs were. No fewer than thirty dogs were. 🐶 Question Tag It’s a bit early, is it? It’s a bit early, isn’t it? ⏰ Superlative/That The best which he could get. The best that he could get. 🥇 As…As As fast, if not faster than her. As fast as, if not faster than her. ✍️ Though/Yet Though he is rich but he is kind. Though he is rich, yet he is kind. 💰 Unless/Not Unless you do not pay the fine… Unless you pay the fine… 💵 While/When When learning how to box… While learning how to box… 🥊 How to Practice? 💡 Read sentences and look for these common errors. Try to spot which part is wrong and why. Practice with real exam-style questions. Keep practicing these rules and examples! Error spotting will become much easier! 🌟 12

07 Fill in the blanks

Fill in the Blanks: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis ✍️📝 What is “Fill in the Blanks”? 🤔 A question type where you choose the correct word(s) to complete a sentence. Tests your vocabulary, grammar, idioms, phrases, and understanding of sentence structure. 📚 Important Topics to Revise 📖 Vocabulary: Know a wide range of words and their meanings. 📖 Idioms: Phrases with meanings different from their individual words. 🗣️ Phrases: Groups of words acting as a single unit. 🧩 Clauses: Groups of words with a subject and predicate (often in complex sentences). 📝 Grammar Concepts: Nouns, pronouns, tenses, prepositions, conjunctions, adjectives, subject-verb agreement, etc. 🧠 Top Tips for Solving Fill in the Blanks 🏆 Improve your vocabulary regularly. Learn new words every day! 📚 Read the question carefully. There’s usually a clue in the sentence. 🕵️‍♂️ Look for grammar hints in the sentence (tense, subject-verb agreement, etc.). 📏 Pay attention to idioms and phrases. Know their meanings and usage. 💡 After choosing an option, read the sentence again to check if it makes sense. 🔄 Manage your time—don’t spend too long on one question! ⏰ Practice Examples with Explanations & Emojis Single Word for Multiple Blanks 🔤 He was met by a _____ of noisy, angry youths. The British feel no compunction about ushering the gentry into the coach and packing the _____ off to debtor’s prison. We arrived at the grounds after following a _____ of butterflies. Tourists _____ to the picturesque village. Answer: rabble (a disorderly crowd, ordinary people, a large group, present in large number) 👥🦋 - You and all the others like you are ______. Some calls were vitriolic, accusing us of publishing pornography and________. Stagnant pools of _____ are scattered all over this area. The windows were thick with ______. Answer: filth (corrupted, obscene material, mire, ingrained dirt) 🦠🧼 The building has been lovingly ________. The effort to _____ him to office isn’t working. The government _____ confidence in the housing market. The steering box was recently ______. Answer: restored (repair, return to former condition, bring back, take apart and fix) 🏚️🔧 The debate has become ______ by conflicting ideological perspectives. None of this should ______ the skill and perseverance of the workers. Grey clouds ______ the sun. His origins and parentage are ______. Answer: obscured (unclear, not known, not seen, uncertain) 🌫️🌥️ A good ______ walk is good for health. She adopted a ______, businesslike tone. The sea was shimmering and heaving beneath the ______ breeze. The archers played a ______ part in the victory. Answer: brisk (active, energetic, quick, invigorating) 🚶💨 Pair of Words for Sentences 👬 - It is shameful and horrifying and totally _____ and completely _____ that gender activists have failed to address this gaping inequality. Answer: problematic, unacceptable (not satisfactory or allowable) 🚫 - We still hear about the wage gap almost daily, and even though it’s a myth, we _____ still marshal our resources to _____ this imaginary injustice. Answer: should, rectify (should correct) ✔️ - The burning of crop _____, which has been identified as the villain-in-chief of the current crisis, has _____ a large number of northern cities. Answer: stubble, impacted (crop remains, affected) 🌾💥 - Facebook has said that the initiative, which could be _____ to other countries based on the response, is really aimed at protecting users by ensuring that nude photos and other _____ images of them don’t get posted on Facebook, Instagram and other platforms without their consent. Answer: extended, intimate (spread to, private images) 🌍🔒 - While India has never ______ that the Indian Ocean is – India’s Ocean, China has _____ the bulk of the South China Sea as China’s Sea and even extended its claim to Indonesia’s shores. Answer: claimed, claimed (asserted ownership) 🌊🇮🇳🇨🇳 Fill in the Blank with Two Possible Words 📝 - The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed _____ the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot. Answer: across, through (both fit) 🖊️ - Formalist followers _______ translated the fabula/syuzhet to the concept of story/plot. Answer: eventually, finally (both fit) ⏳ - The recording machinery was kept ______ screens. Answer: behind, beyond (both fit) 🎛️🖥️ - History is not an _______ fact, but a reflection of certain attitudes, preconceptions, and injustices. Answer: immutable, entrenched (both fit) 📜 - Soon we were driving ______ a narrow road. Answer: along, across (both fit) 🚗🛣️ Three Statements, One Word for All Blanks 🎯 - I stopped and listened, _______ my ears for any sound. ________ the custard into a bowl. The usual type of chair puts an enormous ________ on the spine. Answer: strain (listen hard, pour, pressure) 👂🍮💪 - It is hard for logic to ______ over emotion. She was _______ upon to give an account of her work. Evil cannot ______; we must defeat it. Answer: prevail (win, called upon, survive) 🏆 - She _______ her hand as if she’d been burnt. The sea otter can ______ the claws on its front feet. He _______ his allegations. Answer: retract (pull back, withdraw) ✋🦦 - Success will become ever more _______. The _______ thought he had had moments before. The truth can be _______, even feared. Answer: elusive (difficult to catch/define) 🦋 - The doctor recorded her blood pressure on a _______. Cook _______ed the coasts and waters of New Zealand. The record will probably _______ at about No. 74. Answer: chart (medical, map, music ranking) 📈🗺️ Summary Table 📊 Skill Tested What to Revise Emoji Vocabulary Word meanings, synonyms 📚 Idioms/Phrases Usage and meanings 🗣️ Grammar Nouns, pronouns, tenses, etc. 🧠 Context Clues Read for hints in sentences 🔍 Practice daily, read carefully, and always double-check your answer in the sentence! Good luck! 🍀📖

08 Nouns

Nouns: Easy Study Material with Emojis 📚😃 What is a Noun? 🤔 A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: Ram (person) 👦, Delhi (place) 🏙️, dog (thing) 🐕, strength (idea) 💪1. Kinds of Nouns 🏷️ Proper Noun Names a specific person or place. Examples: Ram, Shyam, Delhi. Tip: “Mango” is not a proper noun unless it’s a specific type, like “Alphonso mango.” 🥭1 Common Noun Names any person or thing of the same kind. Examples: boy, teacher, dog, shoe. 👦👩‍🏫🐕👟1 Collective Noun Names a group of people or things. Examples: army, committee, crowd. 🪖👥1 Abstract Noun Names an idea, quality, or state—not a physical object. Examples: strength, innocence, fear, judgment. 💪😇😱⚖️1 Material Noun Names materials or substances. Examples: cotton, gold, silver, protein. 🧵🥇1 Types of Nouns by Countability 🔢 Countable Nouns: Things you can count (book, apple, doctor, horse, kilogram). Ask: “How many?” 📚🍏👨‍⚕️🐎 Uncountable Nouns: Things you can’t count (milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty). Ask: “How much?” 🥛🛢️🍯🥇1 Rules for Singular and Plural Nouns 📝 Rule #1: Always Singular Nouns Words like: scenery, advice, information, machinery, stationery, furniture, news, poetry, mathematics, ethics, innings, gallows. Examples: ✅ Mathematics is a difficult subject. 🧮 ✅ The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting. 🏞️ ❌ Advices are given… → ✅ Advice is given…1 Rule #2: Plural in Meaning, Singular in Form Words like: cattle, peasantry, clergy, gentry, artillery, company, vermin, people, police. Examples: ✅ The cattle are grazing in the ground. 🐄 ✅ The police have the situation under control. 👮‍♂️1 Rule #3: Always Plural Nouns Words like: trousers, stockings, goods, scissors, shorts, alms, spectacles, measles, premises, thanks, tidings, annals. Examples: ✅ Where are my trousers? 👖 ✅ Spectacles are costly items. 👓1 Rule #4: Measurement Nouns Stay Singular After Numbers Words: feet, score, year, meter, dozen, hundred, pair, head, rupee, million, litre, tola. Examples: ✅ A dozen people were killed. 👥 ✅ Two hundred rupee notes. 💵 ✅ Two kilometre stretch of road. 🛣️1 Special Cases: Collective Nouns Singular when acting as one unit: The team has not arrived yet. 🏆 Plural when acting as individuals: The jury were divided in their opinion. 👩‍⚖️👨‍⚖️1 Singular vs Plural: Different Meanings Word Singular Meaning Plural Meaning Emoji Air atmosphere airs = pretensions 🌬️😌 Authority command authorities = officials 🗣️👮‍♂️ Good wise goods = property 🧠📦 Iron metal irons = chains 🪙⛓️ Force strength forces = army 💪🪖 Content satisfaction contents = things inside 😌📦 Respect regards respects = compliments 🙏👏 Work job works = factories, art 💼🏭 Frequently Asked Collective Nouns 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 A band of musicians 🎶 A board of directors 🏢 A bunch of grapes 🍇 A fleet of ships 🚢 A flock of birds 🐦 A herd of cattle 🐄 A litter of puppies 🐶 A pack of hounds 🐕 A pair of shoes 👟 A swarm of bees 🐝 A troop of horses 🐎 A volley of shots 💥 A class of students 🧑‍🎓1 Noun Phrases & Noun Clauses 📚 Noun Phrase: A noun + its modifiers. Example: The yellow house is for sale. 🏠 Example: I want Nike’s new skateboard. 🛹1 Noun Clause: A dependent clause acting as a noun. Begins with: how, that, what, when, where, whether, which, who, why, etc. Example: The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively. 🎯 Example: Choose a gift for whomever you want. 🎁1 Common Errors & Corrections ❌✅ ❌ The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting. ✅ The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting. 🏞️ ❌ Advices are given… ✅ Advice is given… 💡 ❌ The cattle is grazing… ✅ The cattle are grazing… 🐄 ❌ Where is my trousers? ✅ Where are my trousers? 👖 ❌ Spectacles is a costly item. ✅ Spectacles are costly items. 👓1 Quick Reference Table 📊 Noun Type Example(s) Emoji Proper Ram, Delhi 👦🏙️ Common boy, teacher, dog 👦👩‍🏫🐕 Collective army, crowd, team 🪖👥🏆 Abstract strength, fear 💪😱 Material cotton, gold 🧵🥇 Countable apple, book 🍏📚 Uncountable milk, honesty 🥛😇 Tips:

09 Blood and Relation

Blood Relations: Easy Study Material with Emojis Blood relation questions test your ability to understand family connections. Let’s break down the concepts with simple explanations, emojis, and practice questions with detailed solutions! What are Blood Relations? 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Blood relations are connections among family members, either by birth (like mother, father, son, daughter) or by marriage (like father-in-law, sister-in-law). Important Symbols & Their Meanings 📝 Symbol Meaning Example $ Sister A $ B: A is sister of B 👧 % Brother A % B: A is brother of B 👦 & Mother A & B: A is mother of B 👩 @ Son A @ B: A is son of B 👦 Types of Blood Relation Questions 1. Pointing or Introducing 👉 Someone introduces or points at another person, and you have to find the relation.

10 Biology

📚 Study Material Extracted from Biology PDF (SSC CHSL EXAM) Here’s an easy-to-understand summary of the plant diseases section, organized with emojis for clarity and memorability: 🌱 PLANT DISEASES 🦠 Viral Diseases in Plants Disease Plants Affected 🌼 Bud Blight Soy beans 🍃 Curly Top Beans, tomato, sugar beets, etc. 🍂 Mosaic Leaf Tomato, tobacco, corn, legume, potato, pea, sugar beet, cucumber, maize, cauliflower, sugarcane, bean, etc. 💛 Yellowing of Leaf Barley, sugar beet, potato, etc. 🔴 Spotted Wilt Tomato, capsicum, etc. 🌿 Chlorosis Virus Tomato, capsicum, etc. 🧫 Bacterial Diseases in Plants Disease Plants Affected 🌱 Blights Vegetable crops, fruit trees, etc. 🥔 Bacterial Wilts Corn, tobacco, potatoes, alfalfa, tomatoes, etc. 🍏 Bacterial Speck Fruits and leaves of different plants 🌳 Cankers Woody plants 🍃 Leaf Spot Cotton, beans, peas, etc. 🥒 Soft Rots Fleshy or succulent plant parts 🌹 Fire Blight Rosebushes, pome fruit trees, etc. 🍄 Fungal Diseases in Plants Disease Plants Affected 🌳 Cankers Largely woody plants 🧅 Downy Mildew Grains, onions, cucumbers, alfalfa, etc. 🌾 Ergot Rye, barley, wheat, and other grasses 🌬️ Powdery Mildew Grains, legumes 🥔 Tuber Diseases Potato, sweet potato, etc. 🌾 Rusts Wheat, barley, rye, oats, etc. 🌱 Root Rots All types of plants 🥔 Scab Wheat, barley, rye, potato, etc. 🌽 Smuts Oats, barley, corn, wheat, grasses, etc. 🥔 Wilts Potatoes, alfalfa, etc. 🥕 Cavity Spot Carrot 🥕 Leaf Blight Carrot 🥦 Ring Spot Brassicas 🪱 Diseases by Nematodes in Plants Disease Plants Affected 🧑‍🦱 Hairy Root Sugar beets, potatoes, soybeans, etc. 🦶 Root Lesions Different species of plants get affected 🥜 Root-Knot Tomatoes, peanuts, etc. 💡 Tips for Remembering Viral diseases often cause leaf color changes or deformities (think: mosaic, curly, yellowing). Bacterial diseases usually lead to spots, wilting, or rotting. Fungal diseases feature mildews, rusts, rots, and blights. Nematode diseases affect roots, causing knots or lesions. Use these emojis and tables to quickly recall which diseases affect which plants!

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11 Chemistry in Everyday Life

🧪 Chemistry in Everyday Life (SSC CHSL Study Material) Here’s an easy-to-understand summary of the key concepts from the provided PDF, with emojis to help you remember important points: 🍔 Chemicals in Food Colouring agents 🎨: Make food look appealing. Artificial preservatives 🧴: Prevent food spoilage by stopping microorganism growth (e.g., Sodium benzoate, sodium meta bisulphate). Flow stabilizers 💧: Maintain consistency. Binding substances 🪢: Hold ingredients together. Artificial sweeteners 🍬: Add sweetness without calories (e.g., Aspartame in cool drinks/ice-cream, Alitame is 2000x sweeter than sugar). Antioxidants 🛡️: Prevent food oxidation/spoilage (e.g., BHT, BHA). Minerals & Vitamins 💊: Only vitamins have nutritional value. 🧴 Artificial Preservatives Stop food spoilage by preventing microorganism growth. Examples: Sodium benzoate, sodium meta bisulphate. 🍭 Artificial Sweeteners No calories, excreted via urine. Aspartame: Used in cool drinks and ice-creams. Alitame: 2000x sweeter than sugar. 🛡️ Antioxidants Prevent oxidation (spoilage) of food. Examples: BHT, BHA. 🎨 Dyes Used to color paper, leather, fur, hair, drugs, cosmetics. Types: Natural dyes & Synthetic dyes. 🧼 Chemistry of Cleansing Agents Soaps 🧼:

12 Chemistry Study Material (SSC CHSL)

🧪 SSC CHSL Chemistry Study Material – Easy Guide with Emojis Here’s a simple, emoji-filled summary of the key Chemistry concepts from your SSC CHSL PDF1: 🌌 Matter & Its States Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (except: heat, light, electricity, sound, magnetism, vacuum, shadow). Particles of matter are tiny, have spaces between them, and are always moving (kinetic energy 💨). Intermolecular force: Strongest in solids 🧱, weaker in liquids 💧, weakest in gases 💨. States of Matter 🧱 Solid: Fixed shape & volume, particles packed tightly, not compressible. 💧 Liquid: No fixed shape, fixed volume, particles move more freely. 💨 Gas: No fixed shape or volume, particles move freely, highly compressible. 🌟 Plasma: Super-energized, ionized gas (found in stars, neon signs). ❄️ Bose-Einstein Condensate: Super-cooled, low-density gas where atoms act as one quantum state. 🔬 Atoms & Molecules Atom: Smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Example: Hydrogen atom is the smallest. Atomic mass: Measured in atomic mass units (u), based on carbon-12. Molecule: Group of two or more atoms bonded together (can be same or different elements). Atomicity: Number of atoms in a molecule. Ion: Charged particle. Positive = Cation ➕ Negative = Anion ➖ ⚖️ Laws of Chemistry Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Law of Constant Proportions: Elements in a compound are always in fixed ratios by mass. 🧑‍🔬 Atomic Models Dalton’s Atomic Theory: All matter is made of atoms. Atoms can’t be created/destroyed. Atoms of the same element are identical. Thomson’s Model: “Plum pudding” – electrons in a positive sphere. Rutherford’s Model: Tiny nucleus (positive), electrons revolve around it. Bohr’s Model: Electrons in energy levels (shells: K, L, M, N…). 🧩 Subatomic Particles Electron (e⁻): Discovered by J.J. Thomson, negative charge. Proton (p⁺): Discovered by Goldstein, positive charge. Neutron (n⁰): Discovered by Chadwick, neutral. 🧮 Key Atomic Terms Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons. Mass Number (A): Protons + Neutrons. Isotopes: Same atomic number, different mass (e.g., Hydrogen: Protium, Deuterium, Tritium). Isobars: Same mass number, different atomic number (e.g., Argon-40 & Calcium-40). Isotones: Same number of neutrons. 🧪 Chemical Formulae & Valency Chemical formula: Shows which elements and how many atoms are in a compound. Valency: Combining capacity of an element (number of electrons lost, gained, or shared). 🧬 Molecular Mass & Avogadro’s Number Molecular mass: Sum of atomic masses in a molecule (e.g., H₂O = 2×1 + 16 = 18u). Avogadro’s constant: $6.022 \times 10^{23}$ (number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12). 💡 Fun Facts & Exceptions Diffusion: Mixing of particles; fastest in gases, slowest in solids. Rubber band: Can stretch (solid with flexibility). Sponge: Solid but compressible due to air holes. Plasma: Found in stars, neon lights. BEC: Predicted by S.N. Bose & Einstein, at ultra-low temperatures. 📝 Quick Reference Table State Shape Volume Compressible Example 🧱 Solid Fixed Fixed No Ice, Iron 💧 Liquid No Fixed Slightly Water, Oil 💨 Gas No No Yes Oxygen, Steam 🌟 Plasma No No Yes Sun, Neon Signs ❄️ BEC No No Yes Ultra-cold gases Use these emojis and points to quickly revise Chemistry for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀1

$Country, Capital \& Currency$ 🌏

13 Country, Capital \& Currency

🌏 Country, Capital & Currency – Easy SSC CHSL Study Guide with Emojis Here’s a clear, emoji-rich summary of the entire “Country, Capital & Currency” study material from your PDF, organized by continent for fast revision and memorization12. 🌏 Asia 🏳️ Country 🏛️ Capital 💰 Currency 🇦🇫 Afghanistan Kabul Afghani 🇦🇲 Armenia Yerevan Dram 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan Baku Manat 🇧🇭 Bahrain Manama Bahrain dinar 🇧🇩 Bangladesh Dhaka Taka 🇧🇹 Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum 🇨🇳 China Beijing Yuan 🇮🇳 India New Delhi Rupee 🇮🇩 Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah 🇯🇵 Japan Tokyo Yen 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan Nur Sultan Tenge 🇰🇼 Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti Dinar 🇲🇾 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit 🇳🇵 Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese Rupee 🇵🇰 Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal 🇸🇬 Singapore Singapore Singapore Dollar 🇰🇷 South Korea Seoul Won 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lankan Rupee 🇹🇭 Thailand Bangkok Baht 🇹🇷 Turkey Ankara Turkish Lira 🇦🇪 UAE Abu Dhabi Dirham 🇻🇳 Vietnam Hanoi Dong 🌍 Europe 🏳️ Country 🏛️ Capital 💰 Currency 🇦🇱 Albania Tirane Lek 🇦🇩 Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro 🇦🇹 Austria Vienna Euro 🇧🇪 Belgium Brussels Euro 🇧🇬 Bulgaria Sofia Lev 🇭🇷 Croatia Zagreb Croatian 🇨🇿 Czech Rep. Prague Koruna 🇩🇰 Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone 🇪🇪 Estonia Tallinn Euro 🇫🇮 Finland Helsinki Euro 🇫🇷 France Paris Euro 🇩🇪 Germany Berlin Euro 🇬🇷 Greece Athens Euro 🇮🇸 Iceland Reykjavik Krona 🇮🇪 Ireland Dublin Euro 🇮🇹 Italy Rome Euro 🇱🇻 Latvia Riga Lats 🇱🇹 Lithuania Vilnius Litas 🇱🇺 Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro 🇲🇹 Malta Valletta Euro 🇳🇱 Netherlands Amsterdam Euro 🇳🇴 Norway Oslo Norwegian Krone 🇵🇱 Poland Warsaw Zloty 🇵🇹 Portugal Lisbon Euro 🇷🇴 Romania Bucharest Romanian Rupee 🇷🇺 Russia Moscow Ruble 🇸🇰 Slovakia Bratislava Euro 🇸🇮 Slovenia Ljubljana Euro 🇪🇸 Spain Madrid Euro 🇸🇪 Sweden Stockholm Krona 🇨🇭 Switzerland Berne Swiss Franc 🇬🇧 UK London Pound Sterling 🇺🇦 Ukraine Kiev Hryvnia 🇻🇦 Vatican City Vatican City Euro 🌍 Africa 🏳️ Country 🏛️ Capital 💰 Currency 🇩🇿 Algeria Algiers Dinar 🇦🇴 Angola Luanda New Kwanza 🇧🇯 Benin Porto-Novo CFA Franc 🇧🇼 Botswana Gaborone Pula 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA Franc 🇧🇮 Burundi Gitega Burundi franc 🇨🇲 Cameroon Yaounde CFA Franc 🇨🇻 Cape Verde Praia Cape Verdean escudo 🇨🇫 Central African Rep. Bangui CFA Franc 🇹🇩 Chad N’Djamena CFA Franc 🇨🇬 Congo Brazzaville CFA Franc 🇨🇮 Côte d’Ivoire Yamoussoukro CFA Franc 🇪🇬 Egypt Cairo Egyptian Pound 🇪🇷 Eritrea Asmara Nakfa 🇪🇹 Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr 🇬🇦 Gabon Libreville CFA Franc 🇬🇲 Gambia Banjul Dalasi 🇬🇭 Ghana Accra Cedi 🇬🇳 Guinea Conakry Guinean franc 🇰🇪 Kenya Nairobi Kenya shilling 🇱🇸 Lesotho Maseru Maluti 🇱🇷 Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar 🇱🇾 Libya Tripoli Libyan dinar 🇲🇬 Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy Ariary 🇲🇼 Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha 🇲🇱 Mali Bamako CFA Franc 🇲🇷 Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya 🇲🇺 Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupee 🇲🇦 Morocco Rabat Dirham 🇳🇬 Nigeria Abuja Naira 🇷🇼 Rwanda Kigali Rwandan franc 🇸🇳 Senegal Dakar CFA Franc 🇸🇨 Seychelles Victoria Seychelles rupee 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone Freetown Leone 🇿🇦 South Africa Pretoria Rand 🇸🇩 Sudan Khartoum Sudanese Pound 🇹🇿 Tanzania Dodoma Tanzanian shilling 🇹🇳 Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar 🇺🇬 Uganda Kampala Ugandan shilling 🇿🇲 Zambia Lusaka Kwacha 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe Harare US Dollar 🌎 North America 🏳️ Country 🏛️ Capital 💰 Currency 🇦🇬 Antigua & Barbuda Saint John’s East Caribbean dollar 🇧🇸 Bahamas Nassau Bahamian dollar 🇧🇧 Barbados Bridgetown Barbados dollar 🇧🇿 Belize Belmopan Belize dollar 🇨🇦 Canada Ottawa Canadian dollar 🇨🇷 Costa Rica San Jose Colón 🇨🇺 Cuba Havana Cuban Peso 🇩🇲 Dominica Roseau East Caribbean dollar 🇩🇴 Dominican Rep. Santo Domingo Dominican Peso 🇬🇹 Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal 🇭🇹 Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde 🇯🇲 Jamaica Kingston Jamaican dollar 🇲🇽 Mexico Mexico City Mexican peso 🇳🇮 Nicaragua Managua Gold cordoba 🇵🇦 Panama Panama City Balboa; US Dollar 🇹🇹 Trinidad & Tobago Port-of-Spain Trinidad & Tobago dollar 🇺🇸 USA Washington D.C. Dollar 🌎 South America 🏳️ Country 🏛️ Capital 💰 Currency 🇦🇷 Argentina Buenos Aires Peso 🇧🇴 Bolivia La Paz, Sucre Boliviano 🇧🇷 Brazil Brasilia Real 🇨🇱 Chile Santiago Chilean Peso 🇨🇴 Colombia Bogota Colombian Peso 🇪🇨 Ecuador Quito US Dollar 🇵🇾 Paraguay Asuncion Guaraní 🇵🇪 Peru Lima Nuevo sol 🇺🇾 Uruguay Montevideo Uruguay peso 🇻🇪 Venezuela Caracas Bolivar 🇬🇾 Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar 🇸🇷 Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar 🌊 Oceania 🏳️ Country 🏛️ Capital 💰 Currency 🇦🇺 Australia Canberra Australian dollar 🇫🇯 Fiji Suva Fiji dollar 🇳🇿 New Zealand Wellington New Zealand dollar 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Kina 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon dollar 🇹🇻 Tuvalu Vaiaku (Funafuti) Tuvaluan Dollar 🇻🇺 Vanuatu Port-Vila Vatu 🇼🇸 Samoa Apia Tala 📝 Quick Tips with Emojis 🌍 Euro is used in many European countries: 🇦🇹 Austria, 🇧🇪 Belgium, 🇫🇮 Finland, 🇫🇷 France, 🇩🇪 Germany, 🇬🇷 Greece, 🇮🇪 Ireland, 🇮🇹 Italy, 🇱🇺 Luxembourg, 🇳🇱 Netherlands, 🇵🇹 Portugal, 🇸🇰 Slovakia, 🇸🇮 Slovenia, 🇪🇸 Spain, 🇻🇦 Vatican City, etc. 💵 Dollar is common in: 🇨🇦 Canada, 🇺🇸 USA, 🇦🇺 Australia, 🇳🇿 New Zealand, 🇸🇬 Singapore, 🇫🇯 Fiji, 🇧🇸 Bahamas, 🇧🇧 Barbados, 🇯🇲 Jamaica, 🇹🇹 Trinidad & Tobago, etc. 💱 Franc is used in several African countries: 🇧🇯 Benin, 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso, 🇨🇲 Cameroon, 🇨🇫 Central African Republic, 🇹🇩 Chad, 🇨🇬 Republic of the Congo, 🇬🇦 Gabon, 🇬🇳 Guinea, 🇨🇮 Côte d’Ivoire, 🇸🇳 Senegal, 🇹🇬 Togo, etc. Use these tables and emojis to quickly memorize countries, capitals, and currencies for your SSC CHSL exam! Good luck! 🍀 12

14 Harappan Civilization

🏛️ Harappan Civilization – Easy Study Guide with Emojis Here’s a simple, emoji-filled summary of all the key points from your Harappan Civilization PDF for SSC CHSL: 🗺️ Discovery & Geography 🏛️ Discovered: 1920-21 at Harappa (by D.R. Sahni) & Mohenjo Daro (by R.D. Banerjee)12. 🌍 Spread: Over 1,250,000 sq km, covering parts of modern India & Pakistan—much larger than Egypt or Mesopotamia13. 🏞️ Sites: 1,400+ settlements, including Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Kalibangan, Lothal, Rakhigarhi, and more13. 🏞️ Location: Most settlements on river banks, especially the now-dry Saraswati river system1. 🏙️ Town Planning & Architecture 🧭 Grid Layout: Streets and buildings aligned east-west and north-south123. 🏙️ City Design: Well-planned cities with large gateways, citadels, and public buildings123. 🧱 Materials: Mud bricks, kiln-fired bricks, wood, stone; bricks in 1:2:4 proportion12. 🪟 Houses: Private homes, large houses, and public structures; doors/windows faced side lanes for privacy1. 🏛️ Public Buildings: Great Bath at Mohenjo Daro (12x7m, 3m deep), granaries, and Lothal’s dockyard for trade123. 🚰 Sanitation & Drainage 🚿 Advanced Drainage: Covered drains, bathing platforms, and latrines connected to main sewers123. 🧹 Civic Sense: Even small towns had impressive sanitation systems12. ⚒️ Crafts, Tools & Technology 🛠️ Bronze Age: Tools of copper, bronze, and stone; simple but effective (axes, chisels, knives, saws, etc.)123. 🎨 Artifacts: Seals (often with animals), pottery, jewelry, terracotta figurines, toys, and the famous bronze “Dancing Girl”123. 🪙 Standardized Weights: Cubical/spherical weights made of chert, jasper, agate; used for trade (based on 16 and its multiples)14. 🏺 Pottery: Wheel-made, painted with geometric and animal designs12. 🚢 Trade & Commerce 🚢 Trade Centers: Lothal had a dockyard; extensive internal and overseas trade with Mesopotamia and Egypt143. 🛤️ Transport: Bullock-carts, boats, and ships1. 💎 Imports: Copper (Rajasthan), stones (Sindh, Gujarat), lapis lazuli (Afghanistan), etc.1. 📜 Script & Language 📜 Script: 400–500 pictographic signs, still undeciphered1453. 🗣️ Language: Possibly Dravidian or Indo-Aryan, but not confirmed13. 🌾 Agriculture & Food 🌾 Crops: Wheat, barley, rice, millets, peas, beans, cotton (world’s oldest evidence), sesame, mustard, dates152. 🐄 Domesticated Animals: Sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo, elephants, camels, pigs, and possibly horses15. 🍽️ Diet: Included grains, milk products, vegetables, fruits, fish, and meat2. 🛕 Religion & Beliefs 🧑‍🦰 Mother Goddess: Terracotta figurines found in many homes123. 🧘 Male Deity: Seals show a yogi-like figure (possibly Shiva as Pashupati)123. 🌳 Nature Worship: Trees, animals, stones, and fire-altars123. 🧿 Amulets & Charms: Used for protection; swastika symbol common12. 🧘‍♂️ Yoga: Figurines in yogic postures suggest yoga practice12. 🏛️ Society & Politics 🏰 Social Structure: Elite (citadel), middle class, and lower class (outside fortifications)1. 🏛️ Political Setup: Possibly regional capitals; no evidence of kings or palaces13. 👩‍🔬 Fashion: Ornaments (gold, silver, beads), different hairstyles, cosmetics like cinnabar, face-paints, and collyrium2. ⚰️ Burial & Decline ⚰️ Burial: Extended burials, cremation, grave goods (food, ornaments)13. 📉 Decline: Gradual, due to environmental changes (floods, droughts, river shifts), resource overuse, and possibly Aryan migration (debated)13. 🕰️ Chronology: Early (c. 3500–2600 BCE), Mature (c. 2600–1900 BCE), Late (c. 1900–1300 BCE)1. 🎯 Quick Recap Table Emoji Key Feature 🏛️ Discovered in 1920-21 🌍 Largest ancient civilization area 🏙️ Planned cities & drainage 🛁 Great Bath at Mohenjo Daro 🚢 Lothal dockyard, maritime trade ⚖️ Standardized weights/measures 🛠️ Bronze/copper tools, jewelry 🎨 Seals, pottery, terracotta art 📜 Undeciphered script 🌾 Wheat, barley, rice, cotton 🛕 Mother Goddess, yoga, fire-altars 🏛️ Social classes ⚰️ Burial & cremation 📉 Gradual decline Use these emojis and points for quick, easy revision of the Harappan Civilization for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀 164523

$Honours \& Awards$ 🏅

15 Honours \& Awards

🏅 Honours & Awards – SSC CHSL 2021 Study Material (with Emojis) Here’s an easy-to-understand, emoji-rich summary of the major Indian honours and gallantry awards from your PDF, perfect for SSC CHSL revision12: 🇮🇳 Civilian Awards 2021 🥇 Padma Vibhushan Highest after Bharat Ratna, for exceptional service. 2021 Awardees: 🇯🇵 Shinzo Abe – Public Affairs (Japan) 🎤 S P Balasubramaniam (Posthumous) – Art (Tamil Nadu) 🩺 Dr. Belle Monappa Hegde – Medicine (Karnataka) 🔬 Narinder Singh Kapany (Posthumous) – Science & Engineering (USA) 🕊️ Maulana Wahiduddin Khan – Spiritualism (Delhi) 🏺 B. B. Lal – Archaeology (Delhi) 🎨 Sudarshan Sahoo – Art (Odisha) 🥈 Padma Bhushan Distinguished service of high order. 2021 Awardees (examples): 🎶 Krishnan Nair Shantakumari Chithra – Art (Kerala) 🏛️ Tarun Gogoi (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Assam) 📚 Chandrashekhar Kambara – Literature & Education (Karnataka) 🏛️ Sumitra Mahajan – Public Affairs (Madhya Pradesh) 👩‍💼 Nripendra Misra – Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh) 🏛️ Ram Vilas Paswan (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Bihar) 🏛️ Keshubhai Patel (Posthumous) – Public Affairs (Gujarat) 🕊️ Kalbe Sadiq (Posthumous) – Spiritualism (Uttar Pradesh) 🏭 Rajnikant Devidas Shroff – Trade & Industry (Maharashtra) 🏛️ Tarlochan Singh – Public Affairs (Haryana) 🥉 Padma Shri Distinguished service in any field. 2021 Awardees (examples): 🎨 Gulfam Ahmed – Art (Uttar Pradesh) 🏏 P. Anitha – Sports (Tamil Nadu) 🎻 Rama Swamy Annavarapu – Art (Andhra Pradesh) 📚 Prakasarao Asavadi – Literature & Education (Andhra Pradesh) 🖌️ Bhuri Bai – Art (Madhya Pradesh) 🤝 Lakhimi Baruah – Social Work (Assam) 🏭 Rajni Bector – Trade & Industry (Punjab) 🎭 Peter Brook – Art (United Kingdom) 🏆 Mouma Das – Sports (West Bengal) 🧑‍🔬 Rattan Lal – Science & Engineering (USA) 🏥 Dr. Rattan Lal Mittal – Medicine (Punjab) 🏆 K Y Venkatesh – Sports (Karnataka) …and many more from fields like art, sports, medicine, literature, social work, and trade. 🎖️ Gallantry Awards 2021 🏵️ Maha Vir Chakra Col Bikumalla Santosh Babu (Posthumous) – 16th Battalion, Bihar Regiment 🥈 Kirti Chakra Sub Sanjeev Kumar (Posthumous) – 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment Pintu Kumar Singh (Posthumous) – CRPF Shyam Narayan Singh Yadava (Posthumous) Vinod Kumar (Posthumous) – CRPF Rahul Mathur – CRPF 🥉 Vir Chakra Nb Sub Nuduram Soren (Posthumous) – 16th Battalion, Bihar Regiment Hav K Palani (Posthumous) – 81 Field Regiment Hav Tejinder Singh – 3 Medium Regiment Nk Deepak Singh (Posthumous) – 16th Battalion, Bihar Regiment Sep Gurtej Singh (Posthumous) – 3rd Battalion, Punjab Regiment 🛡️ Shaurya Chakra Maj Anuj Sood (Posthumous) – 21st Battalion, Rashtriya Rifles Rfn Pranab Jyoti Das – 6th Battalion, Assam Rifles Pts Sonam Tshering Tamang – 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment Arshad Khan (Posthumous) – Jammu & Kashmir Police Gh Mustafa Barah (Posthumous) – Jammu & Kashmir Police Naseer Ahmad Kolie (Posthumous) – Jammu & Kashmir Police Bilal Ahmad Magray (Posthumous) – Jammu & Kashmir Police 📝 Quick Tips with Emojis 🥇 Padma Vibhushan – Exceptional & distinguished service 🥈 Padma Bhushan – High order distinguished service 🥉 Padma Shri – Distinguished service in any field 🎖️ Gallantry Awards – Bravery in the face of enemy (Maha Vir Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Vir Chakra, Shaurya Chakra) Use these emojis and categories to quickly recall the 2021 Honours & Awards for your SSC CHSL exam! Good luck! 🍀

$Important Days \& Dates$ 📅

16 Important Days \& Dates

📅 Important Days & Dates – SSC CHSL Study Material with Emojis 🏅✨ Here’s an easy-to-understand, month-wise summary of all the important national and international days from the provided PDF, using emojis for quick recall and revision12: 🗓️ January 🎉 1 Jan – Global Family Day 👁️‍🗨️ 4 Jan – World Braille Day 🌏 9 Jan – NRI Day / Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 🗣️ 10 Jan – World Hindi Day 👦 12 Jan – National Youth Day 🪖 15 Jan – Army Day 🎖️ 23 Jan – Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti 👧 24 Jan – National Girl Child Day 🗳️ 25 Jan – National Voters Day 🇮🇳 26 Jan – Republic Day 🛃 26 Jan – International Customs Day 🕯️ 27 Jan – Holocaust Remembrance Day 👨‍🏫 28 Jan – Lala Lajpat Rai Jayanti 🖥️ 28 Jan – Data Protection Day 🤲 30 Jan – World Leprosy Eradication Day 🗓️ February 🦆 2 Feb – World Wetlands Day 🎗️ 4 Feb – World Cancer Day 🏔️ 5 Feb – Kashmir Day 🚫 6 Feb – Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation 👩‍🔬 11 Feb – Women & Girls in Science Day ⚙️ 12 Feb – National Productivity Day 📻 13 Feb – World Radio Day ⚖️ 20 Feb – World Day of Social Justice 🗣️ 21 Feb – International Mother Language Day 💭 22 Feb – World Thinking Day 🏕️ 22 Feb – World Scout Day ☮️ 23 Feb – World Peace and Understanding Day 🔬 28 Feb – National Science Day 🗓️ March 🛡️ 1 Mar – World Civil Defence Day 🐅 3 Mar – World Wildlife Day 👂 3 Mar – World Hearing Day 🚫 4 Mar – Fight Against Sexual Exploitation Day 👩 8 Mar – International Women’s Day 🌐 12 Mar – Commonwealth Day 🛍️ 15 Mar – World Consumer Rights Day 😀 20 Mar – International Day of Happiness 🌳 21 Mar – International Day of Forests 🧬 21 Mar – World Down Syndrome Day ✍️ 21 Mar – World Poetry Day 💧 22 Mar – World Water Day ☁️ 23 Mar – World Meteorological Day 🧫 24 Mar – World Tuberculosis Day 🎭 27 Mar – World Theatre Day 🗓️ April 🧩 2 Apr – World Autism Awareness Day 🧨 4 Apr – Mine Awareness Day ⚓ 5 Apr – National Maritime Day 🏥 7 Apr – World Health Day 🏠 10 Apr – World Homeopathy Day 👩‍🍼 11 Apr – Safe Motherhood Day 🐶 11 Apr – National Pet Day 🩸 17 Apr – World Hemophilia Day 🏛️ 18 Apr – World Heritage Day 🏥 19 Apr – World Liver Day 👔 21 Apr – Civil Services Day 🌎 22 Apr – Earth Day 📚 23 Apr – World Book & Copyright Day 🏡 24 Apr – National Panchayati Raj Day 🦟 25 Apr – World Malaria Day 💡 26 Apr – World Intellectual Property Day 🦺 28 Apr – World Day for Safety & Health at Work 🐾 28 Apr – World Veterinary Day 💃 29 Apr – International Dance Day 🏥 30 Apr – Ayushman Bharat Diwas 🗓️ May 👷 1 May – International Labour Day 🌬️ 1 May – World Asthma Day 📰 3 May – World Press Freedom Day 🩸 8 May – World Red Cross Day 🧪 11 May – National Technology Day 👩‍⚕️ 12 May – International Nurses Day 👨‍👩‍👧 15 May – International Day of Families ❤️ 17 May – World Hypertension Day 🏳️‍🌈 17 May – International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia & Biphobia 📡 17 May – World Telecommunication Day 🏛️ 18 May – International Museum Day 🚫 21 May – Anti-Terrorism Day 🌱 22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity 🕊️ 29 May – UN Peacekeepers Day 🚭 31 May – Anti-Tobacco Day 🗓️ June 🚴 3 Jun – World Bicycle Day 🌳 5 Jun – World Environment Day 🌊 8 Jun – World Oceans Day 🚸 12 Jun – World Day Against Child Labour 👩‍🦳 13 Jun – International Albinism Awareness Day 🩸 14 Jun – World Blood Donors Day 👴 15 Jun – World Elder Abuse Awareness Day 🏜️ 17 Jun – Day to Combat Desertification 🏃 20 Jun – World Refugee Day 🧘 21 Jun – International Day of Yoga 🏢 23 Jun – UN Public Service Day 🚢 25 Jun – Day of the Seafarer 🚫 26 Jun – Day Against Drug Abuse & Illicit Trafficking 🩺 27 Jun – International Diabetes Day 📊 29 Jun – National Statistics Day 🗓️ July 🩺 1 Jul – National Doctors’ Day 🤝 7 Jul – International Day of Cooperatives 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 11 Jul – World Population Day ⚖️ 17 Jul – International Justice Day 🕊️ 18 Jul – Nelson Mandela International Day 🦠 28 Jul – World Hepatitis Day 🌲 28 Jul – World Nature Conservation Day 🚨 30 Jul – Day Against Trafficking in Persons 🗓️ August 👥 9 Aug – Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples 👦 12 Aug – International Youth Day 🇮🇳 15 Aug – Independence Day 🤲 19 Aug – World Humanitarian Day 👴 21 Aug – World Senior Citizen Day 🕯️ 23 Aug – Remembrance of the Slave Trade & Abolition 🏑 29 Aug – National Sports Day (Dhyan Chand’s Birthday) 🗓️ September 🥥 2 Sep – World Coconut Day 👨‍🏫 5 Sep – Teacher’s Day (Dr. Radhakrishnan’s Birthday) 📝 8 Sep – World Literacy Day 🗣️ 14 Sep – Hindi Day, World First Aid Day 🗳️ 15 Sep – International Day of Democracy 🧊 16 Sep – World Ozone Day ☮️ 21 Sep – International Day of Peace 🧠 21 Sep – World Alzheimer’s Day 👐 23 Sep – International Day of Sign Languages ⚖️ 25 Sep – Social Justice Day 🚢 27 Sep – World Maritime Day 🌍 27 Sep – World Tourism Day 🦠 28 Sep – World Rabies Day ❤️ 29 Sep – World Heart Day 🌐 30 Sep – International Translation Day 🗓️ October 👵 1 Oct – International Day of Older Persons ✌️ 2 Oct – International Day of Non-Violence 🌳 3 Oct – World Nature Day, World Habitat Day 👨‍🏫 5 Oct – World Teacher’s Day ✈️ 8 Oct – Indian Air Force Day 📬 9 Oct – World Post Day 🧠 10 Oct – World Mental Health Day 👧 11 Oct – International Day of the Girl Child 🌪️ 13 Oct – Disaster Reduction Day 📏 14 Oct – International Standards Day 👩‍🌾 15 Oct – International Day of Rural Women 🍚 16 Oct – World Food Day 💸 17 Oct – Day for Eradication of Poverty 🦴 20 Oct – World Osteoporosis Day 📊 20 Oct – World Statistics Day 🇺🇳 24 Oct – United Nations Day 💉 24 Oct – World Polio Day 🎞️ 27 Oct – World Audiovisual Heritage Day 🤝 31 Oct – National Unity Day (Rashtriya Ekta Diwas) 🗓️ November 🌊 5 Nov – World Tsunami Day 🩻 5 Nov – World Radiography Day 🎗️ 7 Nov – National Cancer Awareness Day ⚖️ 9 Nov – Legal Services Day 👧 14 Nov – Children’s Day; Diabetes Day 🧠 17 Nov – National Epilepsy Day 📰 17 Nov – National Journalism Day 🌍 20 Nov – Africa Industrialization Day 📺 21 Nov – World Television Day 🤝 29 Nov – Solidarity with Palestinian People 🗓️ December 🦠 1 Dec – World AIDS Day 💻 2 Dec – World Computer Literacy Day 🚫 2 Dec – Abolition of Slavery Day 🏭 2 Dec – National Pollution Control Day ♿ 3 Dec – World Day of the Handicapped 🌱 3 Dec – World Conservation Day ⚓ 4 Dec – Indian Navy Day 🕉️ 6 Dec – Ambedkar Remembrance Day (Mahaparinirvana Diwas) 🚩 7 Dec – Indian Armed Forces Flag Day 🚫 9 Dec – International Day Against Corruption 🕊️ 10 Dec – Human Rights Day; International Day of Broadcasting 🏔️ 11 Dec – International Mountain Day 💡 14 Dec – World Energy Conservation Day 🏆 16 Dec – Vijay Diwas 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 18 Dec – Minorities Rights Day (India) 🏴 19 Dec – Goa’s Liberation Day 🤝 20 Dec – International Human Solidarity Day 🔢 22 Dec – National Mathematics Day 🚜 23 Dec – Kisan Divas (Farmer’s Day) 🛒 24 Dec – National Consumers Day 🎄 25 Dec – Christmas Day 💡 Tips:

17 India’s Freedom Movement 🇮🇳

🇮🇳 India’s Freedom Movement – Easy SSC CHSL Study Guide with Emojis 🏅✨ Here’s a clear, emoji-rich summary of all the essential events, leaders, and facts from the Indian Freedom Movement, as covered in your PDF. Perfect for easy revision! 🗓️ Timeline & Major Events 📅 Year 🏷️ Event 📝 Description 1857 🔥 Revolt of 1857 First major rebellion against British rule (Sepoy Mutiny) 1885 🏛️ Indian National Congress Founded in Bombay; W.C. Bannerjee as first president 1905 ✂️ Partition of Bengal Lord Curzon divided Bengal; led to Swadeshi Movement 1906 ☪️ All-India Muslim League Formed in Dacca to safeguard Muslim interests 1911 ❌ Partition of Bengal Cancelled Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi 1916 🏠 Home Rule Movement Launched by Tilak & Annie Besant for self-government 1917 🚜 Champaran Satyagraha Gandhi’s first satyagraha, against forced indigo farming 1919 ⚫ Rowlatt Act & 🔫 Jallianwala Bagh Black Act allowed arrests without trial; massacre shocked nation 1920 🤝 Non-Cooperation & 🕌 Khilafat Movement Gandhi’s first mass movement; Hindu-Muslim unity 1922 🔥 Chauri Chaura Incident Protest turned violent; Gandhi suspended movement 1923 🗳️ Swaraj Party Formed by Motilal Nehru & C.R. Das to enter councils 1927 👎 Simon Commission Boycotted as it had no Indian members 1928 🚜 Bardoli Satyagraha Led by Sardar Patel for farmers’ rights 1929 🇮🇳 Purna Swaraj Resolution Congress demands complete independence 1930 🧂 Salt Satyagraha (Dandi March) Gandhi’s march to break salt law; start of Civil Disobedience 1931 🤝 Gandhi-Irwin Pact Agreement to end Civil Disobedience temporarily 1932 🤝 Poona Pact Gandhi & Ambedkar agree on reserved seats for depressed classes 1935 📜 Govt. of India Act 1935 Major constitutional reforms, set stage for future 1942 ✊ Quit India Movement “Do or Die” call by Gandhi for immediate independence 1942 ⚔️ Indian National Army Revived by Subhas Chandra Bose; Rani of Jhansi Regiment (women’s unit) 1946 🏛️ Cabinet Mission British plan for transfer of power, formation of Constituent Assembly 1947 🇮🇳 Independence India becomes free on 15th August; partition creates Pakistan 🌟 Key Leaders & Slogans Mahatma Gandhi 👓: Leader of mass movements, “Do or Die”, “Ahimsa” Bal Gangadhar Tilak 🗣️: “Swaraj is my birthright” Dadabhai Naoroji 📚: “Grand Old Man of India”, theory of “Drain of Wealth” Subhas Chandra Bose 🕶️: “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” Jawaharlal Nehru 🌹: First PM, “Tryst with Destiny” speech Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 🧑‍🌾: Bardoli Satyagraha, “Iron Man of India” Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh 💪: Extremist leaders Annie Besant 👩‍🏫: First woman INC president, Home Rule Movement B.R. Ambedkar ⚖️: Architect of Indian Constitution, Poona Pact 🏛️ Indian National Congress Sessions (Highlights) 1885 🏛️ Bombay: First session, W.C. Bannerjee 1886 🏛️ Calcutta: Dadabhai Naoroji, first Muslim president 1906 🏛️ Calcutta: “Swaraj” used first time 1907 🏛️ Surat: Congress split into Moderates & Extremists 1916 🏛️ Lucknow: Lucknow Pact, Congress & Muslim League unity 1917 🏛️ Calcutta: Annie Besant, first woman president 1924 🏛️ Belgaum: Only session presided by Gandhi 1925 🏛️ Kanpur: Sarojini Naidu, first Indian woman president 1929 🏛️ Lahore: Purna Swaraj, Civil Disobedience call 1946 🏛️ Meerut: Last session before independence 📜 Important Acts & Reforms 1909 🏛️ Minto-Morley Reforms: Expanded legislative councils 1919 🏛️ Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: Dyarchy in provinces 1919 ⚫ Rowlatt Act: Detention without trial 1935 📜 Government of India Act: Provincial autonomy, federal structure 1947 📜 Indian Independence Act: Partition, independence 🚩 Movements & Protests Swadeshi Movement 🧵: Boycott British goods, promote Indian products Home Rule Movement 🏠: Self-government demand Non-Cooperation ✋: Boycott British institutions Civil Disobedience 🚶: Break unjust laws (Salt Satyagraha) Quit India ✊: Mass protest for immediate freedom ⚔️ Revolutionary Activities Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev 💣: Assembly bombing, Saunders assassination, hanged in 1931 Kakori Conspiracy (1925) 🚂: Train robbery by revolutionaries Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) 🏰: Led by Surya Sen 📝 Other Key Facts Partition of Bengal (1905) ✂️: Later revoked in 1911 Simon Commission (1927) 👎: Boycotted, “Simon Go Back” slogan Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) 🤝: Ended Civil Disobedience temporarily Poona Pact (1932) 🤝: Reserved seats for depressed classes Cripps Mission (1942) 🚫: Failed British offer for Indian support in WWII INA & Subhas Chandra Bose (1942) ⚔️: Indian National Army, Rani of Jhansi Regiment Cabinet Mission (1946) 🏛️: Plan for transfer of power Mountbatten Plan (1947) 🗺️: Partition of India and Pakistan 🗂️ Quick Recap Table Emoji Event/Leader Key Fact 🔥 1857 Revolt First major anti-British uprising 🏛️ INC Founded 1885, led freedom movement ✂️ Partition of Bengal Sparked Swadeshi Movement 👓 Gandhi Led Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation, Quit India 🧂 Dandi March Broke Salt Law, mass civil disobedience ✊ Quit India “Do or Die” call for independence 🕶️ Subhas Bose Led INA, “Give me blood…” ⚖️ Ambedkar Poona Pact, Constitution drafting 📜 1947 Act India becomes independent! Use these emojis and points for fast, fun revision of India’s Freedom Movement for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🇮🇳✨

$Inventions \& Discoveries$

18 Inventions \& Discoveries

🧪 Inventions & Discoveries – SSC CHSL Study Material with Emojis 🏅✨ Here’s an easy-to-understand, emoji-rich summary of all the key inventions and discoveries from your PDF, perfect for SSC CHSL revision12: 🧑‍🔬 Famous Inventions & Their Inventors 🛠️ Invention/Discovery 👨‍🔬 Inventor(s) 📅 Year 🧮 Automatic Calculator Wilhelm Schickard 1623 ❄️ Air Conditioner Willis Carrier 1902 🌬️ Anemometer Leon Battista Alberti 1450 🎬 Animation J. Stuart Blackton — 💣 Atom Bomb Julius Robert Oppenheimer 1945 💊 Aspirin Dr. Felix Hoffman 1899 ✈️ Airplane Wilber & Orville Wright 1903 🩹 Adhesive Tape Richard G. Drew 1923 🦠 Bacteria Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1676 👓 Bifocal Lens Benjamin Franklin 1779 🌡️ Barometer Evangelista Torricelli 1643 🧵 Barbed Wire Joseph F. Glidden 1873 🩸 Blood Group Karl Landsteiner 1900s 🖊️ Ball Point Pen John Loud — 🚲 Bicycle Tyres John Boyd Dunlop 1888 🚲 Pedal Driven Bicycle Kirkpatrick Macmillan 1839 🧫 Cell Robert Hooke 1665 🧬 Cell Nucleus Robert Brown 1831 🎥 Cine Camera Wm. Friese-Greene 1889 ❤️ Circulation of Blood William Harvey 1628 🕰️ Mechanical Clock Hsing & Ling-Tsan 1725 🚂 Diesel Engine Rudolf Diesel 1892 🌡️ Centigrade Scale Anders Celsius 1742 🧪 Chlorine Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774 💥 Dynamite Alfred B. Nobel 1867 🔋 Electric Battery Volta 1800 🛗 Elevator Elisha G. Otis 1852 🔌 Electric Motor (DC) Thomas Davenport 1873 🧲 Electromagnet William Sturgeon 1824 🖋️ Fountain Pen Petrache Poenaru 1827 🎶 Gramophone Thomas Edison 1878 🧪 Hydrogen Henry Cavendish 1766 🚁 Helicopter Igor Sikorsky 1939 💉 Insulin Sir Frederick Banting 1923 ✈️ Jet Engine Hans Von Ohain 1936 🌩️ Lightning Conductor Benjamin Franklin 1752 🚂 Locomotive George Stephenson 1804 💡 Light Bulb Thomas Edison 1854 🏍️ Motorcycle Gottlieb Daimler 1885 🔬 Microscope Zacharias Janssen 1590 🎤 Microphone Alexander Graham Bell 1876 💉 Penicillin Alexander Fleming 1928 🧬 Structure of DNA James Watson & Francis Crick 1952 📞 Telephone Graham Bell 1874 🌐 World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau 1989 💡 X-ray Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1895 🖨️ Xerox Machine Chester Carlson 1928 💡 Key Scientific Discoveries 🦠 Bacteria: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1676) 🧫 Cell: Robert Hooke (1665) 🧬 Cell Nucleus: Robert Brown (1831) 🩸 Blood Groups: Karl Landsteiner (1900s) 🧪 Hydrogen: Henry Cavendish (1766) 🧪 Oxygen: Joseph Priestley (1774) 🧪 Chlorine: Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774) 🧬 Structure of DNA: Watson & Crick (1952) 💉 Insulin: Frederick Banting (1923) 💉 Penicillin: Alexander Fleming (1928) 💉 Smallpox Vaccine: Edward Jenner (1796) 💉 Polio Vaccine: Jonas Edward Salk 📝 Quick Revision Table Emoji Invention/Discovery Inventor(s) Year 💡 Light Bulb Thomas Edison 1854 📞 Telephone Graham Bell 1874 🌐 World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau 1989 🧬 DNA Structure Watson & Crick 1952 💉 Penicillin Alexander Fleming 1928 🦠 Bacteria Leeuwenhoek 1676 🧫 Cell Robert Hooke 1665 💣 Atom Bomb Oppenheimer 1945 🏆 Tips for SSC CHSL Focus on who invented/discovered what and when. Use emojis to help remember inventions and inventors quickly. Revise with the table for last-minute prep! Good luck with your SSC CHSL exam! 🍀

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19 Judiciary in India

⚖️ Judiciary in India – Easy SSC CHSL Study Guide with Emojis 🏅✨ Here’s a clear, emoji-rich summary of the Indian Judiciary system, focusing on the Supreme Court and High Courts, perfect for quick revision! 🏛️ Supreme Court of India 🗓️ Inaugurated: January 28, 1950 (replaced Federal Court of India) 📜 Constitutional Basis: Part V, Chapter IV (Articles 124–147) 👥 Composition: 34 judges including Chief Justice of India (CJI) 🏛️ Hierarchy: Top of integrated judicial system (Supreme Court > High Courts > Subordinate Courts) 🏢 Location: Delhi (Article 130) 📝 Appointment & Tenure 👤 Appointed by: President (after consulting CJI) 👑 Chief Justice: Senior-most judge appointed by President ⏳ Term: Till age 65 or resignation/impeachment 🎓 Qualifications (Article 124) 🇮🇳 Citizen of India ⚖️ Judge of High Court for 5 years OR 👨‍⚖️ Advocate of High Court for 10 years OR 🏅 Distinguished jurist (as per President) 🛡️ Powers & Jurisdiction Original Jurisdiction 🏛️: Disputes between Centre & State(s), or between States (exclusive) Writ Jurisdiction 📝: Directly approachable for Fundamental Rights enforcement (writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, etc.) Appellate Jurisdiction 🏆: Final court of appeal (constitutional, civil, criminal, special leave) Advisory Jurisdiction 💡: President can seek Supreme Court’s opinion (Article 143) Court of Record 📚: Judgments are permanent records; can punish for contempt Judicial Review 🔍: Can declare laws/executive actions unconstitutional (protects Constitution’s basic structure) 🏅 Landmark Cases 🏛️ Golaknath Case (1967) 🏦 Bank Nationalization Case (1970) 👑 Privy Purse Abolition Case (1971) 🏗️ Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) – Established ‘Basic Structure’ doctrine 🏭 Minerva Mills Case (1980) 🛡️ Rights & Functions 🛡️ Guarantor of Fundamental Rights 🏛️ Guardian of the Constitution 📝 Can restore rights via writs (Article 32) ❌ Can declare any law unconstitutional (Article 13) 🏛️ High Courts 🏛️ Position: Below Supreme Court, above Subordinate Courts 🇮🇳 Number: 25 High Courts (some serve multiple states/UTs) 🏢 Delhi: Only UT with its own High Court 🏛️ Common High Courts: Allowed by 7th Amendment Act, 1956 📝 Appointment & Tenure 👤 Appointed by: President (CJI & Governor consulted) ⏳ Term: Till age 62 or resignation/transfer 🔄 Transfer: President can transfer judges between High Courts 🛡️ Powers Writ Jurisdiction 📝: Can issue writs for Fundamental Rights & other purposes (Article 226) Appellate & Original Jurisdiction 🏆: Hears appeals from lower courts, some original cases ⚖️ Separation of Powers 🏛️ Parliament: Makes & amends laws 🏢 Executive: Implements laws ⚖️ Judiciary: Settles disputes, checks constitutional validity 📝 Quick Recap Table Emoji Feature Supreme Court High Court 🏛️ Top Court Yes No 👥 Judges 34 incl. CJI Varies ⏳ Retirement Age 65 62 📝 Writs Article 32 Article 226 🔍 Judicial Review Yes Yes 🏢 Location Delhi State capitals/UTs Use these emojis and points for quick, easy revision of the Indian Judiciary for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀 12

20 Medieval India

🏰 Medieval India – Easy SSC CHSL Study Guide with Emojis Here’s a concise, emoji-packed summary of all the important points from the “Medieval India” PDF, perfect for quick and easy revision: 🕰️ Time Period 8th Century to 18th Century 👑 Early Medieval Kingdoms Rashtrakutas (King: Amoghavarsha) 🌄 Pratiharas (King: Bhoja, title: Adivaraha) 🛡️ Palas 🏞️ Rajputs in North 🏹 Cholas in South (King: Rajaraja, built Brihadisvara Temple) 🛕 ⚔️ Major Struggles & Battles Tripartite Struggle for Kannauj: Rashtrakutas vs Pratiharas vs Palas ⚔️ Prithviraj Chauhan III: Famous Rajput king 🏹 Mohammed Ghazni: 17 raids on India, destroyed Somnath Temple 🕌 Mohammed Ghori: Defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in 2nd Battle of Tarain 🏰 🏰 Delhi Sultanate Dynasties Slave Dynasty: Qutb-ud-din Aibak (first king), Raziya Sultana (female ruler), Balban (introduced Sijdah) 👑 Khilji Dynasty: Jalal Ud Din Firuz Khilji (founder), Allauddin Khilji (ambitious, sent Malik Kafur to South India) 🏹 Tuglaq Dynasty: Ghazi Malik (founder), Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (moved capital to Daulatabad), Firoz Shah Tuglaq (built Yamuna Canal) 🌊 Sayyid Dynasty: Khizr Khan (founder), Allauddin Alam Shah (last ruler) 👑 Lodi Dynasty: Bahlul Lodi (founder), Sikandar Lodi (founded Agra), Ibrahim Lodi (last ruler defeated by Babur) 🏰 🏯 Mughal Empire Founded by Babur in 1526 (descendant of Chenghez Khan & Timur) 🐅 Humayun: Lost and regained kingdom, died falling from fort library 🏰 Sher Shah Suri (Sur Empire founder): Built Sarais for travelers, defeated Humayun ⚔️ Akbar: Crowned 1556, introduced Zabti & Batai land revenue systems, abolished Jizyah tax, built Fatehpur Sikri 🏛️ Jahangir & Nur Jahan: Influential queen 👸 Shah Jahan: Built Red Fort & Agra Fort 🏯 Aurangzeb: Longest ruler (50 years), expanded empire, faced revolts ⚔️ Last Mughal Emperor: Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857) 👑 🛡️ Marathas Founded by Shivaji (title: Haindava Dharmoddhaarak) 🦁 Treaty of Purandar with Rajput Jai Singh I 🤝 📅 Important Dates to Remember 712 AD: Sindh invaded by Arabs (Mohd. Bin Qasim) 🕌 1191 AD: 1st Battle of Tarain (Prithviraj won) ⚔️ 1192 AD: 2nd Battle of Tarain (Prithviraj defeated) ⚔️ 1526 AD: Mughal Empire founded (Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi) 🐅 1556 AD: 2nd Battle of Panipat (Bairam Khan defeated Hemu) ⚔️ 1605 AD: Death of Akbar 🏛️ 1707 AD: Death of Aurangzeb ⚔️ 1757 AD: Battle of Plassey (British defeated Siraj ud Daula) 🇬🇧 Use these emojis and points for quick, easy revision of Medieval India for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀12

21 Political Parties

🗳️ Political Parties – SSC CHSL Study Material with Emojis 🇮🇳✨ Here’s an easy-to-understand, emoji-rich summary of all the key points on Political Parties from your PDF, perfect for SSC CHSL revision: 🏛️ What is a Political Party? A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in government 🏛️. They agree on policies and programmes for society to promote the collective good 🤝. Parties try to persuade people why their policies are the best and seek popular support through elections 🗳️. 👥 Components of a Political Party 👑 Leaders 🧑‍💼 Active members 🙋 Followers 🛠️ Functions of a Political Party 📝 Nominate candidates during elections 📢 Campaign to gain support for their candidates 📜 Present objectives and programmes via manifestos 🏛️ Form government if they win majority and implement policies 🗣️ Form opposition if in minority, keep a check on government 🧑‍🏫 Educate people and shape public opinion 📬 Convey people’s demands to the government 🔗 Act as a link between people and government institutions 🌍 Types of Political Systems 🟥 One Party System: Only one party rules (e.g., China) 🟦 Two Party System: Two major parties dominate (e.g., USA, UK) 🟩 Multi-Party System: Many parties compete (e.g., India, France) 🇮🇳 India’s Multi-Party System India has the largest number of political parties in the world 🌏. Multi-party system gives people multiple choices and allows regional parties to participate 🗳️. Drawbacks: Can lead to hung parliaments, coalition governments, and instability ⚖️. 🏅 Types of Political Parties in India National Political Party 🏛️ State/Regional Political Party 🗺️ 🏛️ National Political Parties (Currently 8) 🟠 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 🟣 Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 🔴 Communist Party of India (CPI) 🔵 Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) 🟢 Indian National Congress (INC) 🟡 Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) 🟤 Trinamool Congress (TMC) ⚪ National Peoples’ Party (NPP) – First from North-East 🏆 Eligibility for National Political Party Secures at least 6% of valid votes in any 4+ states in general election 🗳️, and wins at least 4 Lok Sabha seats 🪑 OR Wins at least 2% of Lok Sabha seats (11 seats) from at least 3 different states 🏛️ 🗺️ Eligibility for State Political Party Secures at least 6% of valid votes in the state in general election 🗳️, and wins at least 2 Assembly seats 🪑 OR Wins at least 3% of total Assembly seats or at least 3 seats (whichever is more) 🏛️ Use these emojis and points for quick, easy revision of Political Parties for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀

22 Public Finance in India

💰 Public Finance in India – SSC CHSL Study Guide with Emojis 🇮🇳✨ Here’s an easy-to-understand, emoji-rich summary of all the key points from the “Public Finance in India” PDF, perfect for SSC CHSL revision: 🏦 What is Public Finance? Study of government’s income and spending 💸. Covers how government collects (revenue) and spends (expenditure) money. Mentioned in ancient India’s Arthashastra 📜 (Kautilya). 📊 Budget Basics Budget: Annual financial statement showing government’s estimated income & expenditure for the coming year 📅. Layers: India’s federal system means both Central and State governments have their own budgets 🏛️🏛️. Constitutional Articles: Union Budget: Article 112 🏛️ State Budget: Article 202 🏛️ 💼 Types of Budget Revenue Budget 💵: Revenue Receipts (taxes, non-taxes) Revenue Expenditure (salaries, subsidies, interest, etc.) Capital Budget 🏗️: Capital Receipts (loans, sale of assets) Capital Expenditure (building roads, buying machinery, loans to states, etc.) 💸 Revenue Receipts Do NOT create liability 🚫📉 Types: Tax Revenue: Direct Taxes (Income Tax, Corporation Tax, Wealth Tax, Gift Tax) 💰 Indirect Taxes (Customs Duty, GST) 🛒 Non-Tax Revenue: Interest receipts, dividends, profits, fees, foreign grants 💵 🏦 Revenue Expenditure For normal government functioning 🏢 Not for creating assets 🚫🏗️ Examples: Salaries, pensions, subsidies, interest payments, grants 🎓 🏗️ Capital Receipts Create liability or reduce assets 🏦 Examples: Loans (to be repaid), sale of government assets (disinvestment), small savings, bonds 🏦💳 🏢 Capital Expenditure For creating assets or reducing liabilities 🏗️ Examples: Buying land, building infrastructure, investments, loans to states/PSUs 🏢 📈 Types of Budgets Balanced Budget ⚖️: Revenue = Expenditure Surplus Budget ➕: Revenue > Expenditure Deficit Budget ➖: Revenue < Expenditure 🧮 Budgetary Deficits Emoji Deficit Type Formula/Meaning 💸 Revenue Deficit Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts 📉 Budget Deficit Total Expenditure – Total Revenue 📊 Fiscal Deficit Total Expenditure – (Total Receipts – Borrowing) 🧾 Primary Deficit Fiscal Deficit – Interest Payments 🏦 Fiscal Policy Government’s strategy for spending, taxation, and borrowing 💼. Goals: Full employment 👷 Price stability 💹 Economic growth 📈 Fair distribution ⚖️ External stability 🌏 Capital formation 🏗️ Regional balance 🗺️ Main Tools: Taxation 💰 Public Expenditure 🏢 Public Debt (Borrowing) 💳 🏛️ Finance Commission Quasi-judicial body under Article 280 ⚖️ Set up every 5 years to decide how taxes are shared between Centre & States 🤝 Reduces fiscal imbalances and promotes inclusiveness 👫 Current (15th) Chairman: N.K. Singh (since 2017) Use these emojis and points for quick, easy revision of Public Finance in India for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀

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23 Vedic Civilization

🕉️ Vedic Civilization – Easy SSC CHSL Study Guide with Emojis Here’s a clear, emoji-rich summary of all the key points from the Vedic Civilization PDF, perfect for quick and easy revision! 12 📚 Sources of Vedic Civilization Vedic Literature: Main source of information, passed down orally 📖👂 Three classes: Vedas Brahmanas Aranyakas & Upanishads 📜 Vedas – The Foundation Veda means “knowledge” 🧠 Four Vedas: 🕉️ Rig Veda: Oldest, collection of hymns 🎶 Samveda: Collection of songs (mostly from Rig Veda) 🔥 Yajurveda: Sacrificial formulae ✨ Atharvanaveda: Spells & charms Vedas are: ‘apaurusheya’ (not man-made) ‘nitya’ (eternal) Composed by inspired Rishis 👳‍♂️ 📖 Brahmanas, Aranyakas & Upanishads Brahmanas: Explain Vedic hymns, rituals, philosophies 📜 Aranyakas & Upanishads: Philosophical meditations, attached to Vedas, focus on soul, god, world 🌌 🗓️ Dating the Rig Veda Dates range from 6000 BCE (Tilak) to 1000 BCE (Max Muller) Evidence from Boghaz-Koi inscription (Asia Minor, 1400 BCE) mentions Vedic gods 🗺️ Rig Vedic Geography Aryans called themselves ‘Arya’ 🧑‍🌾 Knew rivers from Ganga (east) to Kabul (west) 🌊 Mentioned rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sutlej, Ravi, Jhelum, Indus, Kabul Mountains: Himalayas, Mujavant 🏔️ Region: Western UP, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Pakistan, south Afghanistan Battle of Ten Kings: Sudas (Bharata king) vs. 10 kings, on Ravi river ⚔️ Bharatvarsha: Name for the country, after Bharatas 👥 Vedic Society Four Varnas: 👳‍♂️ Brahmanas (priests, teachers) 🗡️ Kshatriyas (rulers, warriors) 🧑‍🌾 Vaishyas (farmers, merchants) 🛠️ Shudras (artisans, laborers) Social mobility: Freedom to choose occupation 🔄 Family: Smallest unit, patriarchal 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Marriage: Monogamy, freedom of choice, widow remarriage allowed 💍 Property: Inherited by sons, daughters only if sole child 🏠 🎓 Education Teachers highly respected 🙏 Learning at teacher’s home 🏡 Oral tradition: Memorization, repetition, focus on pronunciation 🗣️ 🍚 Food & Drinks Staples: Milk, curd, butter, ghee, wheat, barley 🥛🍞 Meat: Birds, wild animals, fish, sacrificial animals 🍖 Cow: Sacred, not to be killed 🐄 Alcoholic drinks: Sura & Soma, but discouraged 🍶 💰 Economic Life Main activities: Agriculture, cattle rearing, trade, commerce 🚜🐄 Other occupations: Pottery, weaving, carpentry, metalwork 🏺🧵🔨 Metals: Copper (ayas), later iron (syam ayas) 🪙 Barter economy: Goods exchanged, money (nishkas) mentioned 💱 Sea trade: Pearls, shells, ocean wealth 🌊 🏛️ Political Structure Hierarchy: Family (Kula) 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Village (Grama) 🏘️ Clan (Vis) People (Jana) Country (Rashtra) 🌏 Heads: Gramini (village), Vispati (clan), Raja (king) 👑 Assemblies: Samiti: Policy decisions, common people 🗣️ Sabha: Elders, nobles 👴 Officials: Purohita (priest), Senani (army chief), Gramini (village head), Duta (envoy), spies 🕵️ 🕉️ Vedic Religion & Philosophy Gods: Terrestrial (Agni, Prithvi, Soma) 🌍 Aerial (Indra, Vayu, Rudra) 💨 Celestial (Varuna, Surya, Mitra, Vishnu) ✨ Popular gods: Indra (war, rain), Varuna (cosmic order), Agni (fire), Soma (plant/nectar) 🔥🌩️ Sacrifices: Food, milk, grain, flesh offered to gods 🍚 Philosophy: Unity of universe, creation from one god, water as origin 🌊 Gayatri Mantra: Still recited today 🕉️ Use these emojis and points for quick, easy revision of the Vedic Civilization for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀

24 Synonyms - Antonyms

Synonyms & Antonyms: Easy Study Material with Emojis 😃📚 What Are Synonyms and Antonyms? 🤔 Synonyms: Words with the same or nearly the same meaning. Example: Happy 😊 — Joyful 😄 Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings. Example: Happy 😊 — Sad 😢 How to Use Synonyms and Antonyms in Exams? 📝 Replace a word in a sentence with its synonym or antonym to keep the meaning the same or opposite. Useful for vocabulary questions, sentence completion, and comprehension. Common Synonyms & Antonyms List with Emojis Word Synonyms (Same) Antonyms (Opposite) Emoji Abate Moderate, decrease Aggravate 📉↗️ Adhere Comply, observe Condemn, disjoin 🤝🚫 Abolish Abrogate, annul Establish, setup ❌🏗️ Acumen Awareness, brilliance Stupidity, ignorance 💡🤷 Abash Disconcert, rattle Uphold, compose 😳😌 Absolve Pardon, forgive Compel, accuse 🙏🚔 Abjure Forsake, renounce Approve, sanction 🏃‍♂️✅ Abject Despicable, servile Commendable, praiseworthy 😔👏 Abound Flourish, proliferate Deficient, destitute 🌱🥀 Abortive Vain, unproductive Productive 🛑✅ Acrimony Harshness, bitterness Courtesy, benevolence 😠😊 Accord Agreement, harmony Discord 🤝⚡ Admonish Counsel, reprove Approve, applaud 👆👏 Allay Pacify, soothe Aggravate, excite 🧘‍♂️🔥 Alien Foreigner, outsider Native, resident 👽🏠 Ascend Climb, escalate Descend, decline ⬆️⬇️ Alleviate Abate, relieve Aggravate, enhance 💊🔥 Allure Entice, fascinate Repulse, repel 🧲🚫 Amplify Augment, deepen Lessen, contract 🔊🔉 Audacity Boldness, courage Cowardice, mildness 🦁🐭 Authentic Accurate, credible Fictitious, unreal ✔️❌ Awkward Rude, blundering Adroit, clever 😬🧠 Bleak Grim, austere Bright, pleasant 🌫️☀️ Benevolent Benign, generous Malevolent, miserly 🤲😠 Busy Active, engaged Idle, lazy 🏃‍♂️😴 Bold Adventurous Timid 🦁🐱 Boisterous Clamorous, rowdy Placid, calm 🗣️😌 Blunt Dull, insensitive Keen, sharp ✂️🔪 Capable Competent, able Incompetent, inept 💪🙅‍♂️ Calamity Adversity, misfortune Fortune ⚡🍀 Chaste Virtuous, pure Sullied, lustful 😇😈 Cease Terminate, desist Begin, originate 🛑▶️ Compassion Kindness, sympathy Cruelty, barbarity ❤️💔 Concede Yield, permit Deny, reject 🙆‍♂️🙅‍♂️ Concur Approve, agree Differ, disagree 👍👎 Consequence Effect, outcome Origin, start 🎯🚦 Conspicuous Prominent, obvious Concealed, hidden 👀🙈 Contrary Dissimilar, conflicting Similar, alike 🔄= Contradict Deny, oppose Approve, confirm ❌✔️ Calm Harmonious, unruffled Stormy, turbulent 🧘‍♀️🌪️ Candid Blunt, bluff Evasive 🗣️🤐 Camouflage Cloak, disguise Reveal 🥷🔎 Captivate Charm, fascinate Disillusion, offend 😍😒 Chastise Punish, admonish Cheer, encourage 👊👏 Consent Agree, permit Object, disagree ✅❌ Consolidate Solidify, strengthen Separate, weaken 🏗️💔 Courtesy Generosity, reverence Disdain, rudeness 🙇‍♂️😤 Cunning Acute, smart Naive, coarse 🦊🐑 Decipher Interpret, reveal Misinterpret, distort 🔍❓ Decay Collapse, decompose Flourish, progress 🦠🌱 Defile Contaminate, pollute Purify, sanctify 🦠💧 Demolish Ruin, devastate Repair, construct 🏚️🏠 Deliberate Cautious, intentional Rash, sudden 🤔⚡ Deride Mock, taunt Inspire, encourage 😜👏 Deprive Despoil, divest Restore, renew ❌🔄 Dissuade Remonstrate, counsel Incite, persuade 🙅‍♂️👍 Docile Pliable, pliant Headstrong, obstinate 🐑🐂 Dwarf Diminutive, petite Huge, giant 🧒🦏 Eager Keen, acquisitive Indifferent, apathetic 🤩😑 Ecstasy Delight, exultation Despair, calamity 😍😭 Eccentric Strange, abnormal Natural, conventional 🤪🙂 Eloquence Expression, fluency Halting, stammering 🗣️🤐 Enormous Colossal, mammoth Diminutive, negligible 🦣🐜 Endeavour Undertake, aspire Cease, quit 🚀🛑 Eradicate Destroy, exterminate Secure, plant 🔥🌱 Fanatical Narrow-minded, biased Liberal, tolerant 🤬🧘‍♂️ Feeble Weak, frail Strong, robust 🧓💪 Fluctuate Deflect, vacillate Stabilize, resolve ↕️⏹️ Fragile Weak, infirm Enduring, tough 🥚🪨 Frugal Economy, providence Lavishness, extravagance 💸💰 Gloom Obscurity, darkness Delight, mirth 🌑😃 Gorgeous Magnificent, dazzling Dull, unpretentious 👸😐 Gracious Courteous, beneficent Rude, unforgiving 🙏😠 Genuine Absolute, factual Spurious ✔️❌ Glory Dignity, renown Shame, disgrace 🏆😞 Harass Irritate, molest Assist, comfort 😡🤗 Haughty Arrogant, pompous Humble, submissive 😤🙏 Hideous Frightful, shocking Attractive, alluring 😱😍 Honor Adoration, reverence Denunciation, shame 🏅😔 Humble Meek, timid Proud, assertive 🙇‍♂️😎 Impartial Just, unbiased Prejudiced, biased ⚖️🤚 Indigent Destitute, impoverished Rich, affluent 🧑‍🤝‍🧑💰 Interesting Enchanting, riveting Dull, uninteresting 🤩😴 Insipid Tedious, prosaic Pleasing, appetizing 😐😋 Immense Huge, enormous Puny, insignificant 🗻🐜 Immaculate Unsullied, spotless Defiled, tarnished 🤍🖤 Inevitable Unavoidable, ascertained Unlikely, doubtful 🛣️❓ Jubilant Rejoicing, triumphant Melancholy, depressing 😁😭 Keen Sharp, poignant Vapid, insipid 🔪🥱 Lax Slack, careless Firm, reliable 😴💪 Lavish Abundant, excessive Scarce, deficient 💸🪙 Lucid Sound, rational Obscure, hidden 💡🌑 Modest Humble, courteous Arrogant, pompous 🙇‍♂️😤 Momentous Notable, eventful Trivial, insignificant 🎉🗒️ Nimble Prompt, brisk Sluggish, languid 🏃‍♂️🐢 Novice Tyro, beginner Veteran, ingenious 🐣🦉 Obscure Arcane, vague Prominent, obvious 🌫️🔦 Optimist Idealist Pessimist 😊😟 Placid Tranquil, calm Turbulent, hostile 🧘‍♂️🌪️ Predicament Plight, dilemma Resolution, confidence 🤔😎 Quell Subdue, reduce Exacerbate, agitate 🤫🔥 Rectify Amend, remedy Falsify, worsen 🛠️❌ Reluctant Cautious, averse Anxious, eager 🤷‍♂️😃 Rustic Rural, uncivilized Cultured, refined 🚜🎩 Ruthless Remorseless, inhumane Compassionate, lenient 🦁🤗 Savage Wild, untamed Polished, civilized 🐅🕴️ Succinct Concise, terse Lengthy, polite ✂️📝 Taciturn Reserved, silent Talkative, extrovert 🤫🗣️ Tedious Wearisome, irksome Exhilarating, lively 😪🤩 Tenacious Stubborn, dogged Docile, non-resinous 🐶🐑 Timid Diffident, coward Bold, intrepid 🐭🦁 Tranquil Peaceful, composed Violent, furious 🧘‍♂️😡 Transparent Diaphanous Opaque 🪟🪞 Vain Arrogant, egoistic Modest 😏🙇‍♂️ Valor Bravery, prowess Fear, cowardice 🦁😱 Veteran Ingenious, experienced Novice, tyro 🦉🐣 Vicious Corrupt, obnoxious Noble, virtuous 😈😇 Vigilant Cautious, alert Careless, negligent 👀😴 Vivacious Spirited, energetic Dispirited, unattractive 😊😒 Zenith Summit, apex Nadir, base 🏔️⬇️ Zeal Eagerness, fervor Apathy, lethargy 🔥😴 Sample Practice Questions with Answers & Emojis Uncouth Meaning: Ill-mannered Synonym: 2️⃣ Ill-mannered 😒 Vociferous Meaning: Loud Synonym: 4️⃣ Loud 🔊 Abortive Meaning: Ineffective Synonym: 1️⃣ Ineffective 🚫 Vapid Meaning: Dull Synonym: 1️⃣ Dull 😑 Masterly Meaning: Brilliant Synonym: 2️⃣ Brilliant 🌟 Doleful Meaning: Gloomy Synonym: 3️⃣ Gloomy 😢 Terse Meaning: Brief Synonym: 2️⃣ Brief ✂️ Placid Meaning: Calm Synonym: 1️⃣ Calm 😌 Scintillating Meaning: Sparkling Synonym: 3️⃣ Sparkling ✨ Combat Meaning: Fight Synonym: 4️⃣ Fight 🥊 Tips for Mastering Synonyms and Antonyms 💡 Read regularly to see new words in context. Practice with flashcards using emojis for quick recall. Group words by meaning to remember them better. Use in sentences to understand subtle differences. Keep practicing these lists and examples with emojis for easy recall and exam success! 🌟 123

25 Verbs and Tense

Verbs and Tenses: Easy Study Material with Emojis 😃⏳ What is a Verb? 🤔 A verb is an action word that tells what the subject is doing. Example: Maria sings. 🎤 Every complete sentence needs a verb to make sense. Example: Sing! (You is implied.) 🎶 Key Parts of a Sentence 🧩 Subject: The doer of the verb. 👤 Verb: The action or state. 🏃‍♂️ Object: The receiver of the action. 🎯 Subject-Verb Agreement Rules 📏 1. Singular Subject = Singular Verb / Plural Subject = Plural Verb The dog is playing. 🐕 The dogs are playing. 🐕🐕🐕 2. ‘And’ Joins Two Subjects = Plural Verb My friend and his mother are in town. 👩‍👦 3. ‘And’ Refers to Same Person/Thing = Singular Verb The captain and coach has been sacked. (One person) 🧑‍✈️ 4. Indefinite Pronouns (everyone, someone, nobody, etc.) = Always Singular Everyone is selfish. 🧑 5. Percentages/Parts: Plural Meaning = Plural Verb 40 out of 100 children are malnourished. 👧👦 6. ‘Either/Or’ or ‘Neither/Nor’: Verb Agrees with Nearest Subject Neither you nor your dogs know how to behave. 🐶 Either you or I am at fault. 👤 7. ‘Either’/‘Neither’ as Pronouns = Singular Verb Either of the books is fine. 📚 8. Connectives (along with, as well as, together with): Verb Matches First Subject Mr. Ram, accompanied by his wife, was banished. 👨‍🦱👩 9. ‘A number of’ = Plural Verb / ‘The number of’ = Singular Verb A number of students are going. 👨‍🎓 The number of questions is 25. 2️⃣5️⃣ 10. Units of Measurement/Time = Singular Verb Five gallons of oil was required. 🛢️ 11. ‘Few, Many, Several, Both, All, Some’ + Countable Noun = Plural Verb Some men are needed. 👨‍🔧 12. ‘Few, Many, Several, Both, All, Some’ + Uncountable Noun = Singular Verb Some data was stolen. 💻 Practice Questions with Answers & Emojis 📝 Critics allege that the government is trying to leverage last year’s disaster and use the funds they collected for reconstruction… Tip: Use ‘for’ with nouns like ‘reconstruction’. 🏗️ Some of these dams are witnessing record low levels… Use present continuous for ongoing actions. 💧 …what the surveillance cameras may have recorded in or near Epstein’s cell. Use past participle ‘recorded’ with ‘have’. 📹 …says his countries will not be able to hold up its side of an immigration agreement… Use the idiom ‘hold up’ for ‘withstand’. 🤝 It looks like the Supreme Court will score a goal for women… Use ‘will’ for present/future, not ‘had’. ⚽ The cat looked desperate to get inside… Use ‘to’ + base verb (to get). 🐈 Social justice deals with various aspects… Use present tense if the sentence is about a current fact. ⚖️ …most of the scientific advances believed to have been made in Europe… Use past tense ‘believed’ for past context. 🧑‍🔬 The state’s new policy on tourism is supposed to give investors a big advantage. Correct verb form: ‘is supposed to’. 🏨 She let the student who caused the accident off the hook. Correct relative pronoun and verb tense. 🚗 Quick Tips for Verbs & Tenses 💡 Always check if the subject and verb agree in number! Watch for common connectors and pronouns that affect verb choice. Use present continuous (‘is/are + -ing’) for ongoing actions. Use the correct tense for the context (present, past, future). For measurement, time, and collective nouns, check if the group acts as one or many. Practice these rules and examples with emojis for easy recall and exam success! 😃📖

26 Algebraic Equations 📚✨

Algebraic equations are polynomial equations used in quantitative aptitude exams. They can be of degree 1 (linear), degree 2 (quadratic), or degree 3 (cubic)1. Linear Equations (Degree 1) ➗ Form: $ ax + c = 0 $ Examples: $ 2x + 3y = 4 $ $ x + y + z = 10 $ Solving Linear Equations: Use substitution or elimination to find variable values. Example: $ 2x + 3y = 13 $ …(1) $ 3x + 2y = 12 $ …(2) Multiply and subtract to eliminate a variable: $ 3 \times (2) - 2 \times (1) $ → $ 5x = 10 $ → $ x = 2 $ Substitute $ x $ into (1): $ y = 3 $ Result: $ x < y $ ✅ Another Example: $ 4x + 5y = 14 $ …(1) $ 2x + 3y = 5 $ …(2) Multiply (2) by 2: $ 4x + 6y = 10 $ Subtract (1): $ y = -4 $, then $ x = 1 $ Result: $ x > y $ 👍 Quadratic Equations (Degree 2) 🟪

27 Average

1. What is an Average? An average (also called arithmetic mean) is a value that represents the central or typical value in a set of numbers. It is calculated by dividing the sum of all values by the number of values. Formula: $$ \text{Average} = \frac{\text{Sum of Terms}}{\text{Number of Terms}} $$Example: If you have the numbers 10, 20, and 30: $$ \text{Average} = \frac{10 + 20 + 30}{3} = \frac{60}{3} = 20 $$ 2. Why Use Averages? Averages help us:

28 Data Interpretation (DI)

Data Interpretation is about understanding and analyzing data given in tables, charts, or graphs to answer questions. Here’s a simple summary with emojis for each type! Key Tips for DI Success 📝 Read Carefully 👀: Always read the full question and data set. Analyze Data 🧐: Don’t get overwhelmed—break it down. Check Units ⚖️: Watch for different units (e.g., km/h vs. seconds). Approximate When Needed 🔍: If options are far apart, round numbers for speed. Use Last Digit Tricks 🔢: Sometimes, just the last digit helps pick the answer. Practice Mental Math 🧠: The faster you calculate, the more time you save! Types of Data Interpretation 📈 Tabular DI 📋 Pie Chart 🥧 Bar Graph 📊 Line Graph 📉 Caselet DI 📄 Tabular DI 📋 Data is shown in a table (rows & columns). Example:

29 Geometery

1. Fundamental Concepts of Geometry 1.1 Points, Lines, Segments, and Rays Point: An exact location in space with no size. Example: “.” (a dot on paper) Line Segment: The shortest path joining two points, with definite length. Example: Segment $AB$ (see diagram below) Ray: A line segment extended infinitely in one direction. Example: Ray $AB$ starts at $A$ and passes through $B$, continuing forever. Visual Aid: 1.2 Types of Lines Type Description Example/Diagram Intersecting Lines Meet at a point (point of intersection) “X” shape Concurrent Lines Three or more lines intersect at the same point Star-like pattern Parallel Lines Never meet, always same distance apart " Transversal A line that cuts two or more lines at distinct points See below Visual Aid: 1.3 Angles and Their Types Angle Type Measure (Degrees) Example/Diagram Right $90^\circ$ Corner of a square Acute $< 90^\circ$ $45^\circ, 60^\circ$ Obtuse $90^\circ < x < 180^\circ$ $120^\circ$ Straight $180^\circ$ A straight line Reflex $180^\circ < x < 360^\circ$ $270^\circ$ Example: An angle of $60^\circ$ is acute; $135^\circ$ is obtuse. Visual Aid: 1.4 Angle Relationships Relationship Description Example Complementary Sum to $90^\circ$ $30^\circ$ and $60^\circ$ Supplementary Sum to $180^\circ$ $130^\circ$ and $50^\circ$ Vertically Opposite Angles Opposite angles formed by intersecting lines (equal) See diagram Angle Bisector Divides an angle into two equal parts See diagram Visual Aid: Practice Questions: Fundamental Concepts Name the type of angle for $110^\circ$. If two angles are complementary and one is $35^\circ$, what is the other? Draw two parallel lines and a transversal. Mark and name a pair of corresponding angles. Answers:

30 Interest

This summary breaks down the key concepts from the provided PDF on Interest for government exam preparation, with clear explanations, formulas, examples, cheat sheets, and practice questions. Key Definitions Interest: The extra amount paid for borrowing money or received for lending money. Principal (P): The original amount borrowed or lent. Amount (A): The total sum after adding interest to the principal ($A = P + \text{Interest}$). Rate of Interest (r): The percentage charged or earned on the principal per year. Time (t): The period for which money is borrowed or deposited (usually in years). Types of Interest Simple Interest (SI) Definition: Interest calculated only on the principal for every year. Formula: $$ SI = \frac{P \times r \times t}{100} $$Where: - $P$ = Principal - $r$ = Rate per annum - $t$ = Time in years

31 Mesuration

Mensuration is the mathematics of measuring geometric figures-calculating their area, perimeter, and volume. This summary breaks down the key concepts, formulas, solved examples, and practice questions from the provided PDF, making it easy to understand and apply for exams. 1. What is Mensuration? Mensuration is the branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement of 2D (plane) and 3D (solid) shapes, including their area, perimeter, surface area, and volume12. 2. Types of Shapes 2D Shapes (Plane) 3D Shapes (Solid) Triangle, Square, Cube, Cuboid, Cylinder, Rectangle, Circle, Sphere, Cone, Pyramid, Parallelogram, Rhombus Prism, Hemisphere 2D shapes: Only length and breadth; measure area & perimeter. 3D shapes: Length, breadth, height/depth; measure volume & surface area12. 3. Key Formulas Cheat Sheet Triangles Perimeter: $ a + b + c $ Area (General): $ \frac{1}{2} \times base \times height $ Area (Heron’s Formula): $ \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)} $, where $ s = \frac{a+b+c}{2} $ Area (Equilateral): $ \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}a^2 $ Height (Equilateral): $ \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a $3 Quadrilaterals Square Area: $ a^2 $ Perimeter: $ 4a $ Diagonal: $ a\sqrt{2} $ Rectangle Area: $ l \times b $ Perimeter: $ 2(l + b) $ Diagonal: $ \sqrt{l^2 + b^2} $3 Parallelogram Area: $ base \times height $ Perimeter: $ 2(a + b) $ Rhombus Area: $ \frac{d_1 \times d_2}{2} $ Perimeter: $ 4a $3 Trapezium Area: $ \frac{1}{2} \times (sum of parallel sides) \times height $ Perimeter: Sum of all sides Circle Area: $ \pi r^2 $ Circumference: $ 2\pi r $ Diameter: $ 2r $3 3D Shapes Cube Volume: $ a^3 $ Surface Area: $ 6a^2 $ Diagonal: $ a\sqrt{3} $ Cuboid Volume: $ l \times b \times h $ Surface Area: $ 2(lb + bh + hl) $ Cylinder Curved Surface Area: $ 2\pi rh $ Total Surface Area: $ 2\pi r(r + h) $ Volume: $ \pi r^2 h $ Cone Curved Surface Area: $ \pi r l $ (l = slant height) Total Surface Area: $ \pi r(r + l) $ Volume: $ \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h $ Sphere Surface Area: $ 4\pi r^2 $ Volume: $ \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 $32 4. Solved Examples Example 1: Triangle Area (Heron’s Formula) Q: Sides are 12m, 13m, 11m. Find area and height with respect to side 12m.

32 Mixture and Alligation

This summary simplifies the key points of the Mixture and Alligation PDF, including core concepts, formulas, worked examples, a cheatsheet, and all practice questions with clear answers. Core Concepts Alligation: A rule to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at given prices must be mixed to obtain a mixture of a desired price. Mean Price: The cost price per unit of the mixture.

33 Number System

This guide breaks down the essential points from your Number System PDF, making it easy to understand for competitive exams. It includes definitions, formulas, worked examples, cheatsheets, visuals, and practice questions with solutions. 1. What is a Number System? A number system is a method of representing numbers using a set of symbols and rules. It’s used for counting, measuring, and labeling. The most common systems are:

34 Percentage

This guide summarizes the key concepts from your Percentage PDF, making the topic simple with step-by-step explanations, formulas, conversion tables, solved examples, cheatsheets, practice questions (with answers), and visual aids. 1. What is a Percentage? Definition: A percentage is a fraction with a denominator of 100, denoted by the symbol %. Example: $ 10% = \frac{10}{100} = 0.1 $1. 2. Key Formulas and Conversions A. Basic Percentage Formula To find $ y% $ of $ x $: $$ y\% \text{ of } x = x \times \frac{y}{100} $$Example: $ 25% $ of $ 200 = 200 \times \frac{25}{100} = 50 $12.

35 Profit and Loss

This guide breaks down the Profit and Loss chapter from your PDF for SSC and other competitive exams, using simple language, step-by-step formulas, practical examples, a cheatsheet, solved practice questions, and visual aids. 1. Key Concepts and Definitions Term Meaning Cost Price (CP) The price at which an item is purchased (includes all expenses: purchase, transport, etc.) Selling Price (SP) The price at which the item is sold (money received from the buyer) Marked Price (MP) The price written/tagged on the item (before discount) Profit (Gain) When SP > CP; $ Profit = SP - CP $ Loss When SP < CP; $ Loss = CP - SP $ Discount Reduction from the marked price; $ Discount = MP - SP $ 2. Essential Formulas Cheatsheet Quantity Formula Profit $ SP - CP $ Loss $ CP - SP $ Profit % (on CP) $ \frac{Profit}{CP} \times 100 $ Loss % (on CP) $ \frac{Loss}{CP} \times 100 $ SP (given Profit %) $ SP = \left(1 + \frac{Profit %}{100}\right) \times CP $ SP (given Loss %) $ SP = \left(1 - \frac{Loss %}{100}\right) \times CP $ CP (given Profit %) $ CP = \frac{100}{100 + Profit %} \times SP $ CP (given Loss %) $ CP = \frac{100}{100 - Loss %} \times SP $ Discount % $ \frac{Discount}{MP} \times 100 $ Markup % $ \frac{MP - CP}{CP} \times 100 $ Equivalent Discount $ X + Y - \frac{XY}{100} $ (for successive discounts of X% and Y%) 3. Visuals & Graphics A. Profit and Loss Flowchart +-----------------+ | Cost Price | +-----------------+ | +------------------+------------------+ | | +-----------+ +-----------+ | Selling | | Marked | | Price | | Price | +-----------+ +-----------+ | | | | +-----------+ +-----------+ | Profit or | | Discount | | Loss | +-----------+ +-----------+ B. Example Bar Chart CP: |========| (Rs. 100) SP: |==========| (Rs. 120) Profit: |==| (Rs. 20) 4. Solved Examples Example 1: Profit Calculation A shopkeeper buys a pen for Rs. 8 and sells it for Rs. 10.

36 Ratio and Proportion

This guide breaks down the Ratio and Proportion PDF into simple explanations, key formulas, solved examples, a cheatsheet, practice questions (with answers), and visual aids for better understanding. 1. Ratio: Definition and Basics Ratio compares two quantities by division. Written as $ a : b $, which means $ \frac{a}{b} $. Antecedent: First term (a), Consequent: Second term (b). Example: Ratio 5:9 means antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.

37 Simplification

This summary explains the Simplification chapter from your PDF for SSC and other competitive exams. You’ll find key concepts, formulas, solved examples, a cheatsheet, practice questions, and visual aids for better understanding1. 1. Number Basics Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Types of Numbers: Natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, … Whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, … Integers: …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … Real numbers: All rational and irrational numbers (e.g., 2.8, -10, 3.13) Even numbers: 2, 4, 6, … Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, … Prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, … 2. Algebraic Identities (Cheatsheet) Identity Formula Square of sum $ (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2 $ Square of difference $ (a-b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2 $ Difference of squares $ a^2 - b^2 = (a+b)(a-b) $ Cube of sum $ (a+b)^3 = a^3 + b^3 + 3ab(a+b) $ Cube of difference $ (a-b)^3 = a^3 - b^3 - 3ab(a-b) $ Sum of cubes $ a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2 - ab + b^2) $ Difference of cubes $ a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2 + ab + b^2) $ 3. Addition & Subtraction Tricks Example 1 Q: $ 8 + 88 + 888 + 8888 + 88888 = ? $

38 Speed, Time, and Distance

This summary provides a comprehensive, easy-to-understand guide to the Speed, Time, and Distance PDF, including definitions, key formulas, solved examples, a cheatsheet, practice questions with answers, and visual aids. 1. Core Concepts and Definitions Term Definition Units Speed Rate at which distance is covered. m/s, km/hr Time Duration taken to cover the distance. seconds, minutes, hr Distance Length of the path traveled. meters, kilometers Key Relationship:

39 Time and Work

This guide simplifies the Time and Work topic from your PDF, including core concepts, key formulas, solved examples, a cheatsheet, practice questions (with answers), and visual aids for clarity. 1. Core Concepts Work: Any task to be completed (e.g., building a wall, filling a tank). Time: Duration taken to finish the work. Efficiency: Amount of work done per unit time (higher efficiency = less time). 2. Key Formulas (Cheatsheet) Formula/Rule Use Case If A completes work in n days, A’s 1 day work = 1/n Basic calculation Work = Time × Rate of Work Find total work done Rate of Work = 1 / Time Work done per unit time Time = 1 / Rate of Work Find time from rate Total Work = Efficiency × Number of Days Work done by a person/group If A is x times as efficient as B, time ratio = 1:x Comparing times for same work If A & B together finish in T days: 1/T = 1/A + 1/B Combined work If A, B, C together: 1/T = 1/A + 1/B + 1/C Three people together If x men do W1 work in D1 days, x men do W2 in D2 days: Work/men/days relationship M₁D₁/W₁ = M₂D₂/W₂ If A takes x days more than (A+B) and B takes y days more (A+B) finish in √(xy) days 3. Visual: Work-Time-Efficiency Relationship Work / \ Time Efficiency \ / (Inverse) More efficiency → less time for same work. More people → less time for same work. 4. Solved Examples Example 1: Two People Working Together Q: A does a work in 10 days, B in 15 days. How long together?

40 Trigonometry

This guide summarizes the Trigonometry PDF for competitive exams, making the topic simple with clear explanations, formulas, solved examples, cheatsheets, practice questions (with answers), and visual aids. 1. What is Trigonometry? Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of triangles, especially right triangles. “Tri” = three, “gono” = sides, “metry” = measurement. 2. The Six Trigonometric Ratios In a right triangle:

41 Sentence Correction

Sentence Correction: Study Material with Emojis 📝✨ Key Rules for Sentence Correction 🎯 Rule #1: No Article with “Kind of/Sort of/Type of” 🚫📖 Don’t use “a/an/the” with “kind of,” “sort of,” “type of,” etc. ❌ What type of the books you like to read? ✅ What type of books you like to read? ❌ What sort of an insect is that? ✅ What sort of insect is that? Rule #2: “Each of/One of/None of” + Plural Noun 👥

42 Active Passive voice

The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence performs the action or receives the action. There are two main voices in English:- active and passive.

43 Adjectives

The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence performs the action or receives the action. There are two main voices in English:- active and passive.

44 Adverbs

The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence performs the action or receives the action. There are two main voices in English:- active and passive.

45 Articles

Articles are a part of determiners that are used before nouns to define nouns or give some information about nouns.

46 Calendar

📅 Calendar Study Material for SSC CHSL Reasoning (With Emojis & Practice Questions) What is a Calendar? 🗓️ A calendar is a chart that shows days, weeks, and months of a year. It helps us keep track of dates and plan events. In reasoning exams, calendar questions check your ability to calculate days, weeks, and leap years easily1. Basic Structure of a Calendar 🏗️ Ordinary Year: 365 days (e.g., 2019, 2021) ➡️ 1 odd day Leap Year: 366 days (e.g., 2020, 2024) ➡️ 2 odd days Leap year: Divisible by 4 (except century years, which must be divisible by 400) Odd Days Concept 🤔 Odd days: Extra days after complete weeks in a period. 31-day months: 3 odd days (Jan, Mar, May, Jul, Aug, Oct, Dec) 30-day months: 2 odd days (Apr, Jun, Sep, Nov) February: 0 odd days (ordinary), 1 odd day (leap) Month Odd Days (Ordinary/Leap) January 3 February 0 / 1 March 3 April 2 May 3 June 2 July 3 August 3 September 2 October 3 November 2 December 3 Day Coding for Quick Calculation 🔢 Day Code Sunday 0 Monday 1 Tuesday 2 Wednesday 3 Thursday 4 Friday 5 Saturday 6 Leap Year Rules 🏆 Year divisible by 4 = Leap year (e.g., 2016, 2020) Century year (ending with 00): Must be divisible by 400 to be a leap year (e.g., 2000 is leap, 1900 is not)1 Odd Days in Centuries 📈 Century Odd Days Day of Week Ends On 100 5 Friday 200 3 Wednesday 300 1 Monday 400 0 Sunday The cycle repeats every 400 years! 📝 Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions Q1. What day of the week was 15th August 1947? 🇮🇳 Solution:

47 Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect Reasoning: Easy Study Material with Emojis What is Cause and Effect Reasoning? 🤔 In this reasoning type, you’re given two statements. You must decide if one statement is the cause (reason) and the other is the effect (result), or if they’re unrelated or share a common cause. These questions test your logical and analytical skills12. Types of Relationships 🔗 Direct Cause and Effect: One statement is the cause, the other is the effect. Both are Effects of a Common Cause: Both statements result from the same cause. Independent/Unrelated: The statements have no logical connection. How to Approach These Questions 🚦 Read both statements carefully. Ask: Does one statement directly lead to the other? Check: Could both be results of a third, unmentioned cause? Decide: Are they totally unrelated? Common Options & What They Mean 📝 Option Meaning A Statement I is the reason (cause); Statement II is the response (effect) B Statement II is the reason; Statement I is the response C Both statements are unrelated reasons D Both are responses to unrelated causes E Both are responses to a common cause Examples with Solutions 💡 Example 1 Statements: I. Everybody should work hard. II. The only way to achieve success is to work hard.

48 Classification

Classification Reasoning: Easy Study Material with Emojis What is Classification? 🧐 Classification means grouping items based on a common quality and spotting the one that doesn’t fit—the “odd one out.” These questions can involve words, letters, numbers, or figures. Your task is to find the item that is different from the rest based on a hidden logic or property12. Types of Classification Questions 1. Odd Word Out 📝 You are given four words. Three have something in common, one is different. Find the odd one!

49 Cloze Test

The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence performs the action or receives the action. There are two main voices in English:- active and passive.

50 Coding Decoding

Coding-Decoding: Easy Study Material with Emojis 🚦 What is Coding-Decoding? 🧩 Coding: Changing a word or message into a secret code using rules or patterns. Decoding: Changing the code back into the original word or message1. Key Concepts & Tricks 🗝️ 1. Positional Value of Alphabets 🔤 Forward: A=1, B=2, …, Z=26 Reverse: Z=1, Y=2, …, A=26 Memory Tip: “EJOTY” helps you remember 5, 10, 15, 20, 251. 2. Letter to Letter Coding 📝 Letters are changed using operations like addition, subtraction, or interchanging. Trick: Check for opposite letters (A↔Z, B↔Y, etc.). Check for position changes or arithmetic operations1. 3. Letter to Number Coding 🔢 Assign numbers to letters based on their position or a set rule. Sometimes, numbers are manipulated (added, multiplied, etc.)1. 4. Substitutional Coding 🔄 Words are replaced with other words. Find the answer by tracing the chain of substitutions1. 5. Chinese (Statement) Coding 🈲 Words in statements are coded with symbols/words/letters. Find the code by matching common words in different statements1. 6. LSN (Letter, Symbol, Number) Coding 🔣 Words are coded using a mix of letters, symbols, and numbers. Each part (first/last letter, word length) has a coding rule1. 7. Conditional Coding ⚡ Coding depends on specific conditions (e.g., first/last letter is a vowel/consonant). Apply all conditions step by step1. 8. Clock Coding 🕒 Numbers or symbols represent time (hours/minutes). Sometimes, binary codes (A=0, B=1) are used for numbers1. Step-by-Step Tricks to Crack Coding-Decoding 🧠 Check for Opposite Letters: E.g., A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X… Check for Position Interchange: Are letters swapped or reversed? Check for Arithmetic Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication on letter positions or numbers. Check for Substitution: Is a word replaced by another? Follow the chain! For Number Codes: Are numbers the sum of letter positions? Or squares/cubes of word length? Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions 📝✨ Q1. If “ENGLISH” is coded as “FOHNHRG”, how is “SCIENCE” coded?

51 Conjunctions

The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence performs the action or receives the action. There are two main voices in English:- active and passive.

52 Cube Cuboid and Dice

Cube, Cuboid, and Dice: Easy Study Material with Emojis and Practice Questions 🎲📐 1. Cube Basics 🧊 A cube is a 3D shape with all sides equal: length = width = height = s. It has: 6 faces (front, back, right, left, top, bottom) 8 vertices (corners) 12 edges (lines connecting vertices) 2. Surface Area of Cube 📏 Total Surface Area (TSA) = 6 × (side × side) = $6s^2$ Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = 4 × (side × side) = $4s^2$ (Sum of 4 side faces, excluding top and bottom) 3. Cuboid Basics 📦 A cuboid is a 3D shape with length (l), width (w), height (h) all possibly different. It has: 6 rectangular faces 8 vertices 12 edges Total Surface Area (TSA) = Sum of areas of all 6 faces = $2(lw + lh + wh)$ Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = Sum of 4 side faces (excluding top and bottom) 4. Unit Cubes and Painted Surfaces 🎨 When a cube is divided into smaller cubes, these are called unit cubes. Example: Dividing a cube into 3 rows × 3 columns × 3 layers = 27 unit cubes. Rows per side Total Unit Cubes 2 8 3 27 4 64 5 125 6 216 7 343 5. Painted Unit Cubes: How Many Have How Many Painted Faces? 🎨 For a cube divided into $n \times n \times n$ unit cubes:

53 Decision Making

Here is a detailed explanation of the Decision-Making.pdf content, along with illustrative examples and additional practice questions for each type of decision-making reasoning problem123. Detailed Explanation of Decision-Making Reasoning Definition Decision-making reasoning involves evaluating given information and conditions to select the best possible outcome or action. These questions test your analytical ability, logical thinking, and judgment based on specified criteria12. Key Concepts Primary Conditions: Essential criteria that must be fulfilled for selection. Additional Conditions: Supplementary criteria that may be considered if primary conditions are not fully met. Data Analysis: Carefully read and analyze each condition and the information provided about each candidate or scenario. Table Construction: Organize information using a table to track which conditions each candidate meets or violates. Decision Rules: Use the table to decide the appropriate course of action for each candidate or scenario. Step-by-Step Approach List Conditions: Write down all primary and additional conditions as column headers. Construct Table: Place candidate names or scenario numbers in rows and mark each condition as: ✓: Condition is satisfied. x: Condition is violated. (✓): Additional condition is satisfied if primary is violated. (x): Additional condition is violated if primary is violated. ? or -: Data is inadequate or not provided. Analyze: Compare each candidate’s information against the conditions and mark accordingly. Decide: Use the table to select the appropriate decision for each candidate or scenario. Illustrative Example Scenario: A computer education center is recruiting faculty. The candidate must:

54 DIrect and Indirect Speech

The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence performs the action or receives the action. There are two main voices in English:- active and passive.

55 Direction and Distance

Direction and Distance: Easy Study Material with Emojis, Explanations, and Practice Questions What is Direction and Distance Reasoning? 🧭 This topic tests your ability to follow and visualize directions and distances, often through puzzles where you must determine the final direction faced or the shortest distance between two points. Main Directions & Sub-Directions 🗺️ Main Directions: North (N) ⬆️ South (S) ⬇️ East (E) ➡️ West (W) ⬅️ Sub-Directions: North-East (NE) ↗️ (between North & East) South-East (SE) ↘️ South-West (SW) ↙️ North-West (NW) ↖️ Types of Direction and Distance Questions 🔄 Direction from Initial or End Point Find which way someone is facing after a series of turns. Distance Calculation Find total or shortest (straight-line) distance between two points. Degree-based Questions Turns by certain degrees (clockwise/anticlockwise). Shadow-based Questions Use position of the sun (morning/evening) to infer direction. Key Rules and Tricks 🧠 Turning Right/Left: Facing North: Right ➡️ East, Left ⬅️ West Facing South: Right ➡️ West, Left ⬅️ East Shortest Distance: Use Pythagoras Theorem: $$ \text{Distance} = \sqrt{(\text{East-West})^2 + (\text{North-South})^2} $$ Shadow Rules: Morning: Shadow falls to the West Evening: Shadow falls to the East Sample Questions with Detailed Solutions 📝✨ Q1. Leeta walks 2 km North, turns right, walks 2 km, turns right, walks 2 km. Which direction is she facing? Solution:

56 English

Documentation and guides to deploy, manage, and monitor your apps.

57 Figural Pattern Floading and Completion

Here is a detailed explanation of Figural Pattern (Folding and Completion) as per your provided PDF, including core concepts, step-by-step examples, and practice questions to help you master this reasoning topic1. Figural Pattern (Folding and Completion): Detailed Explanation Figural pattern (folding and completion) questions are a staple in reasoning sections of competitive exams. These questions test your spatial reasoning, visualization skills, and ability to mentally manipulate two-dimensional figures.

58 General Awareness

Documentation and guides to deploy, manage, and monitor your apps.

59 GI & Reasoning

Documentation and guides to deploy, manage, and monitor your apps.

60 Inequality

Here is a detailed explanation of the Inequality Reasoning content from your PDF, including core concepts, solved examples, and additional practice questions with explanations123. Detailed Explanation of Inequality Reasoning Inequality Reasoning involves comparing two or more elements using symbols such as $>$, $<$, $=$, $\geq$, $\leq$, and $\neq$. The goal is to deduce definite relationships between elements based on the given statements and to evaluate the validity of the conclusions drawn from them.

61 Mirror and Water Image

Below is a detailed explanation of the Mirror and Water Image concepts based on your PDF, including core principles, solved examples, and practice questions for both mirror and water images123. Detailed Explanation: Mirror and Water Images Mirror Image Definition: A mirror image is the reflection of an object formed when a mirror is placed in front of it. This results in lateral inversion, meaning the left and right sides of the object are swapped, but the top and bottom remain the same234.

62 One Word Substitution

One Word Substitution: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 📝✨ What is One Word Substitution? 🤔 Using a single word to replace a lengthy phrase, making sentences clearer and shorter. Example: “A person who can use both hands with ease” → Ambidextrous ✋🤚 Categories of One Word Substitution 📚 Generic Terms 🏷️ Government/Systems 🏛️ Venue/Spots 🏟️ Group/Collection 👥 People/Person 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Murder/Death ⚰️ Profession/Research 👩‍🔬 Sound 🔊 Important Examples with Emojis Generic Terms Abdication: Giving up the throne 👑 Almanac: Annual calendar with important dates 📅 Amphibian: Animal living in water & land 🐸 Allegory: Story with a hidden meaning 📖 Belligerent: Nation/person at war ⚔️ Biopsy: Examining tissue from a living body 🧫 Blasphemy: Speaking disrespectfully about sacred things 🙊 Chronology: Arrangement of events by date 📆 Crusade: Vigorous campaign for change ✊ Ephemeral: Lasting for a very short time ⏳ Extempore: Done without preparation 🎤 Exonerate: Free from blame or duty 🆓 Gregarious: Fond of company 🤗 Indelible: Cannot be removed 🖊️ Infallible: Incapable of making mistakes ✅ Inevitable: Certain to happen ☑️ Nostalgia: Longing for the past 🕰️ Panacea: Remedy for all problems 💊 Pedantic: Too concerned with rules 📏 Plagiarism: Copying someone’s work 📝 Potable: Safe to drink 💧 Regalia: Royal emblems 👑 Sacrilege: Violation of something sacred 🚫 Sinecure: Job with little work but good status 💼 Souvenir: A keepsake or reminder 🎁 Utopia: Imaginary perfect society 🌈 Verbatim: In exactly the same words 🗣️ Government/Systems Anarchy: Absence of government 🏴 Aristocracy: Rule by nobility 👑 Autocracy: Rule by one absolute power 👤 Bureaucracy: Rule by officials 🗂️ Democracy: Rule by the people 🗳️ Gerontocracy: Rule by old people 👴 Kakistocracy: Rule by the worst people 😬 Monarchy: Rule by a king/queen 👑 Oligarchy: Rule by a few 👥 Plutocracy: Rule by the wealthy 💰 Secular: Not religious 🚫✝️ Venue/Spots Archives: Place for historical documents 📚 Aviary: Place for keeping birds 🐦 Abattoir: Slaughterhouse 🐄 Apiary: Place for bees 🐝 Aquarium: Place for fish 🐠 Arena: Place for events/conflicts 🏟️ Arsenal: Place for weapons 🔫 Asylum: Place for mentally ill 🏥 Burrow: Rabbit’s home 🐇 Casino: Place for gambling 🎰 Cemetery: Burial ground ⚰️ Cloakroom: Place for coats/luggage 🧥 Crematorium: Place for cremation 🔥 Dormitory: Shared bedroom 🛏️ Gymnasium: Place for exercise 🏋️ Granary: Storehouse for grain 🌾 Hangar: Place for aircraft 🛩️ Kennel: Dog’s shelter 🐕 Mint: Place for making coins 🪙 Menagerie: Collection of wild animals 🦁 Morgue: Place for keeping dead bodies 🧟 Orchard: Place for fruit trees 🍏 Reservoir: Large water supply 💧 Scullery: Small kitchen room 🍽️ Wardrobe: Cupboard for clothes 👗 Group/Collection Battery: Group of guns/missiles 💣 Bale: Large bundle 📦 Bevy: Large gathering of people 👥 Bouquet: Arrangement of flowers 💐 Brood: Family of young animals 🐣 Caravan: Group traveling together 🚙 Clique: Exclusive group 🕴️ Constellation: Group of stars ✨ Cortege: Funeral procession ⚰️ Congregation: Group of worshippers 🙏 Drove: Herd/flock being driven 🐑 Flotilla: Small fleet of boats 🚤 Grove: Small group of trees 🌳 Hamlet: Small community 🏡 Horde: Large group of people 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Shoal: Group of fish 🐟 Torrent: Fast-moving stream 🌊 People/Person Agnostic: Not sure about God’s existence 🤔 Arsonist: Sets fire to buildings 🔥 Amateur: Does for pleasure, not profession 🎨 Ambidextrous: Uses both hands easily ✋🤚 Auditor: Examines accounts 📊 Anarchist: Believes in lawlessness 🚫 Apostate: Changes faith 🔄 Atheist: Does not believe in God 🚫🙏 Arbitrator: Settles disputes ⚖️ Ascetic: Lives a simple life 🧘 Bohemian: Unconventional lifestyle 🎭 Cacographer: Bad at spellings ❌✍️ Cannibal: Eats human flesh 🧟 Chauvinist: Aggressively patriotic 🇫🇷 Connoisseur: Art/craft expert 🎨 Contemporaries: Living at the same time 🕰️ Convalescent: Recovering from illness 🤒➡️🙂 Coquette: Flirtatious woman 💃 Cosmopolitan: Citizen of the world 🌍 Cynic: Sneers at others’ beliefs 😏 Demagogue: Leader who appeals to emotions 🗣️ Dilettante: Dabbler in arts/sciences 🎭 Epicure: Loves eating/drinking 🍽️ Egotist: Talks about achievements 🗣️🏆 Emigrant: Leaves country to settle elsewhere ✈️ Effeminate: Man with womanly habits 👱‍♂️💃 Fastidious: Hard to please 😤 Fugitive: Runs from justice 🏃‍♂️ Fatalist: Believes in fate 🧿 Gourmand: Loves good food 🍲 Heretic: Acts against religion 🚫 Hypochondriac: Imagines illnesses 🤒 Henpeck: Controlled by wife 👩‍❤️‍👨 Iconoclast: Attacks traditions 🪓 Introvert: Shy, reserved person 🙈 Insolvent: Unable to pay debts 💸 Misanthrope: Dislikes people 🙅‍♂️ Murder/Death Cortege: Funeral procession ⚰️ Elegy: Poem for the dead 📝 Epitaph: Words on a tombstone 🪦 Filicide: Killing one’s child 🙅‍♂️ Genocide: Killing a large group 🧑‍🤝‍🧑❌ Homicide: Killing a person 🗡️ Infanticide: Killing an infant 👶❌ Matricide: Killing one’s mother 👩❌ Obituary: Death notice in news 📰 Parricide: Killing a parent/relative 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦❌ Patricide: Killing one’s father 👨❌ Postmortem: Examining a dead body 🕵️‍♂️ Regicide: Killing a king 🤴❌ Suicide: Killing oneself 😔 Uxoricide: Killing one’s wife 👩❌ Profession/Research Alchemy: Medieval chemistry 🧪 Anchor: TV/radio presenter 🎤 Anthropologist: Studies mankind evolution 🧑‍🔬 Astronaut: Space traveler 👩‍🚀 Botany: Study of plants 🌱 Cartographer: Map maker 🗺️ Calligrapher: Beautiful handwriting ✍️ Choreographer: Dance sequence creator 💃 Chauffeur: Hired driver 🚗 Compere: Show host 🎤 Curator: Museum keeper 🏛️ Demography: Study of statistics 📊 Florist: Sells flowers 💐 Genealogy: Study of ancestry 🧬 Horticulture: Gardening expert 🌻 Invigilator: Exam supervisor 🕵️‍♀️ Lexicographer: Dictionary compiler 📖 Odontology: Study of teeth 🦷 Radio Jockey: Radio presenter 📻 Rhetoric: Art of effective speaking 🗣️ Sculptor: Makes sculptures 🗿 Zoology: Study of animals 🦁 Sound Acoustics: Study of sound properties 🎶 Bellow: Sound of alligators 🐊 Bell: Sound of deer 🦌 Caw: Sound of crows 🦅 Cackle: Sound of geese 🦢 Cluck: Sound of hens 🐔 Croak: Sound of frogs 🐸 Gibber: Sound of monkeys 🐒 Grunt: Sound of camels 🐫 Hoot: Sound of owls 🦉 Honk: Sound of penguins 🐧 Moo: Sound of cattle 🐄 Neigh: Sound of horses 🐎 Quack: Sound of ducks 🦆 Squeak: Sound of rats 🐀 Trumpet: Sound of elephants 🐘 Whine: Sound of mosquitoes 🦟 Sample Practice Questions with Answers 📝 Government wing making rules: Legislature 🏛️ Life history written by oneself: Autobiography ✍️ One who does not drink alcohol: Teetotaller 🚱 Speech without preparation: Extempore 🎤 Disease attacking many in an area: Epidemic 🦠 Sound of monkeys: Gibber 🐒 People living at the same time: Contemporaries 🕰️ Sets fire to buildings: Arsonist 🔥 Bad in spellings: Cacographer ❌✍️ Community smaller than a village: Hamlet 🏡 Tip:

63 Order and Ranking

Here is a detailed explanation of the Order and Ranking concepts as covered in your provided PDF, including definitions, formulas, solved examples, and additional practice questions with solutions123. Detailed Explanation: Order and Ranking Order and Ranking questions involve arranging people or objects in a specific sequence (such as a line or row) and determining their positions or ranks based on given information. These questions are common in competitive exams and test your ability to analyze and interpret relative positions.

64 Preposition

Prepositions: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 📍🗺️ What is a Preposition? 🤔 A preposition shows the relationship (in space, time, or logic) between two or more people, places, or things. Usually followed by a noun or pronoun. Example: The cat is on the table. 🐈🪑 Common Prepositions & Their Uses with Examples and Emojis 1. On Surface: The book is on the table. 📚🪑 Days/Dates: I will come on Monday. 📅 Devices: She is on the phone. 📱 Body Parts: Ring on my finger. 💍 State: The products are on sale. 🏷️ 2. At Place: Meet me at the park. 🌳 Time: See you at 5 p.m. ⏰ Activity: John laughed at my acting. 😂 Email: Contact me at xyz@xyz.com 📧 3. In Location: I live in Mumbai. 🏙️ Time (months, years, seasons): School starts in March. 📆 Feeling/Opinion: I believe in hard work. 💪 Size/Color/Shape: The dress comes in four sizes. 👗 4. To Destination: Going to college. 🏫 Relationship: Your answer is important to me. 🤝 Limit: Piled up to the roof. 🏠 Period: I am here from 10 to 5. ⏳ 5. Of Belonging: Dreamed of being famous. 🌟 Reference: Picture of my birthday. 🎂 Amount: A group of people. 👥 6. For Reason: I am happy for you. 😊 Duration: Stayed for one year. 📅 Use: Preparing for exams. 📝 Other Important Prepositions with Examples Preposition Meaning/Use Example Sentence Emoji above higher than/over The sun is above the clouds. ☀️☁️ across from one side to another Ran across the road. 🏃‍♂️🛣️ after following/later than I’ll call you after lunch. 📞🍽️ against in opposition/contact Sofa is against the wall. 🛋️🧱 along from end to end Walking along the street. 🚶‍♂️🏙️ among surrounded by Peter was among the spectators. 👦👥 around in a circle/near Walked around the table. 🚶‍♂️🪑 before earlier/in front of The day before yesterday. 📅 behind at the back of Passengers sit behind the driver. 🧑‍✈️🚗 below lower than Shorts are below his knees. 🩳🦵 beneath under Pen was beneath the books. 🖊️📚 beside next to Bank is beside the cinema. 🏦🎬 between separating two things Sat between Tom and Jane. 👩👦👩 by near/not later than Report by Friday. 📄📆 inside on the inner part Bird is inside the cage. 🐦🕊️ into enter a closed space Went into the shop. 🚶‍♂️🏪 near/close to close to School is near the church. 🏫⛪ off down/away from Fell off the horse. 🏇⬇️ on touching a surface Plate is on the table. 🍽️🪑 onto move to a surface Cat jumped onto the roof. 🐈🏠 opposite facing Sat opposite Tom. 👩👦👩 out of move from a closed space Got out of the taxi. 🚕🚶‍♂️ outside on the outer side Garden is outside the house. 🏡🌳 over above/across Plane flew over the Atlantic. ✈️🌊 past beyond Drove past the supermarket. 🚗🏪 through from one side to other Seine flows through Paris. 🌊🏙️ under beneath/below Water flows under the bridge. 💧🌉 up towards a higher position Walked up the stairs. 🚶‍♂️⬆️ within inside Live within the old city. 🏙️ without not have/lack Coffee without milk. ☕🥛❌ Prepositions in Abstract Meanings 💡 Prepositions can show not just physical space, but also ideas: “He is behind the government.” (supports) “Learning Chinese in a year was beyond them.” (too difficult) Prepositions After Adjectives & Nouns 🧩 Adjective/Noun Preposition Example Emoji aware, full of She is full of energy. ⚡ different, separate from This is different from that. 🔄 similar, due to This is similar to mine. 👯‍♂️ familiar, wrong with I’m familiar with this. 🤝 good, surprised at Good at singing. 🎤 interested in Interested in music. 🎵 responsible, good for Responsible for the project. 🏗️ worried, excited about Excited about the trip. ✈️ Prepositions After Verbs (Phrasal Verbs) 🔗 Look for (search): I am looking for my keys. 🗝️ Wait for (stay until): Wait for the bus. 🚌 Accuse of: He accused her of cheating. 🚨 When to Omit Prepositions 🚫 No preposition before time/place words with qualifiers (this, that, next, last, every, all, before): She went this morning. Met him last Sunday. See you next week. No preposition before: yesterday, today, tomorrow: He will come tomorrow. I met him yesterday. No preposition before “home”: I am going home. 🏡 Common Mistakes & Quick Fixes ❌✅ Arrive at (place), Arrive in (city/country): Arrived at the station. 🚉 Arrived in London. 🏙️ At night, in the morning/afternoon/evening: Mumbai is beautiful at night. 🌃 I study in the morning. 🌅 For (period), Since (point in time): I’ve lived here for five years. I’ve lived here since 2020. Live/work/study in (city/country), at (address): Live in Delhi. 🏙️ Live at 34 Brown Street. 🏠 Welcome to (place): Welcome to India! 🇮🇳 Married to (someone): She is married to John. 💍 Practice Questions 📝 Peter is playing tennis ___ Sunday. Answer: on My brother’s birthday is ___ the 5th of November. Answer: on My birthday is ___ May. Answer: in We are going to see my parents ___ the weekend. Answer: at ___ 1666, a great fire broke out in London. Answer: In I don’t like walking alone in the streets ___ night. Answer: at What are you doing ___ the afternoon? Answer: in My friend has been living in Canada ___ two years. Answer: for Quick Reference Table 📊 Preposition Use/Example Emoji on on Monday, on the table 📅🪑 in in May, in Mumbai 📆🏙️ at at 5 p.m., at the park ⏰🌳 for for two years 🕰️ since since 2020 📅 to to the station 🚉 of picture of my birthday 🎂 Tip:

65 Qunatiative Aptitude

SSC CHSL Exam Study Material for Exam Syllabus

66 Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension: Study Material Made Easy with Emojis 📖🧐 What is Reading Comprehension? 🤔 A test of your focus, patience, understanding, and analysis skills. One of the most scoring topics in English exams! You’ll encounter different types of passages and questions that check your ability to find information, infer meaning, and think critically12. Types of Passages You’ll See 📚 Descriptive Passages Long, mostly data-driven. Direct questions—just find the facts! Tip: Note important points to avoid scrolling up and down. 📝 Analytical Passages Analyze theories (scientific, political, etc.). Can be tricky and a bit boring if you’re not an avid reader. Focus on the main idea and key points. 💡 Hypothetical Passages Usually short, abstract, or fantasy-based. Can be hard to decode the main idea. Tip: Don’t get biased—just follow the author’s logic, no matter how strange! 🦄 How to Tackle Reading Comprehension? 🛡️ Read a Variety: Start reading different things (editorials, articles, stories) to get used to different styles. 📰📚 Attempt Wholeheartedly: Don’t skip or rush. Take your time and build up speed gradually. 🏃‍♂️ Skip Wisely: If you can’t get the main idea, skip inference-based questions to avoid negative marking. 🚫 Note Data: For data-driven questions, jot down main points for quick reference. 🗒️ Practice Daily: Aim for 3–4 passages a day. Mastery comes with regular practice! 📆 Tips for Exam Success 🎯 Don’t Panic: Long passages are often straightforward. Frame the Main Idea: For analytical passages, focus on the core message. Believe the Author: For hypothetical ones, accept the author’s world—even if it’s bizarre! Be Cautious: Don’t let your opinions interfere with understanding the passage. Sample Question Types & How to Approach Them 📝 Main Idea: What’s the passage mostly about? Look for the overall theme, not just details! Inference: What can you guess from what’s said? Read between the lines! Vocabulary: What does a word mean in context? Check the sentence and nearby clues! Fact-based: What does the passage directly state? Find the exact line in the passage! Example: Social Networking & Security 👤🔒 Main Idea: Importance of security in social networking. Threats: Identity theft, hacking, overconfidence in security. Precautions: Strong passwords, careful with status updates, avoid sharing travel plans, don’t click unknown links. Burglars: Love constant updates about your movements! Biggest Threat: Overconfidence. Tip: Never assume you’re “too safe” online! Example: Nationalism in China 🇨🇳 Main Idea: Nationalism as a weapon in diplomacy. Effect: Economic boycotts, protests, business losses. President’s Concern: Protests shouldn’t backfire on leadership. Objective: Pressure Korea to reconsider its US missile deal. Vocabulary: Wary = cautious; opposite: careless. Make it hurt = cause serious problems. Example: Online Grocery Market in India 🛒🇮🇳 Main Idea: Growth and advantages of online groceries. Key Points: 60% of retail market is groceries (everyone needs food!). Started in 2011; rapid growth due to internet, convenience, discounts. Big Basket and Zopnow are major players. Online groceries offer more variety and hassle-free shopping than traditional stores. Investments from venture capitalists due to high growth potential. Vocabulary: Comprehensive = complete. Commendable = deserving praise. Quick Reference Table 📊 Passage Type What To Do Emoji Descriptive Note key data, answer directly 📊 Analytical Find main idea, focus on logic 💡 Hypothetical Accept author’s view, don’t judge 🦄 Pro Tips for RC Success 💡 Underline or jot down key points as you read. Don’t let tough vocabulary slow you down—use context clues! Practice, practice, practice! Keep these strategies and tips in mind, and you’ll master Reading Comprehension with confidence and a smile! 😃📖12

67 Reasoning Analogy

Here is a detailed explanation of the Reasoning Analogy concepts from your attached PDF, with step-by-step examples and additional practice questions. Detailed Explanation: Reasoning Analogy Analogy in reasoning refers to the process of comparing two things or finding relationships between them. It is a fundamental part of logical reasoning and is widely used in competitive exams to assess your ability to identify patterns and relationships123. Types of Analogy Questions Numerical Analogy Odd One Out: A set of number pairs is given, and you must identify the pair that does not follow the established pattern. Choose a Similar Pair: Given a number pair, select another pair from the options that follows the same relationship. Alphabetical/Word Analogy Odd One Out: Among several word pairs, identify the one that does not fit the pattern. Choose a Similar Pair: Given a word pair, select another pair that shares the same relationship. General Knowledge Analogy Country and Currency, State and Dance, Person and Profession, etc. Odd One Out or Correct Pair: Identify the incorrect or correct pairing based on general knowledge. How to Solve Analogy Questions Identify the Relationship: Determine the connection between the given pair. Analyze the Options: Check if the options follow the same or a similar relationship. Eliminate Incorrect Options: Remove options that do not fit the pattern. Select the Best Answer: Choose the option that best matches the original relationship. Solved Examples from the PDF 1. Numerical Analogy – Choose a Similar Pair

68 Series

Here is a detailed explanation of the Series.pdf content, along with solved examples and practice questions for each type of series covered in the PDF1. Introduction to Series (Alpha/Numeric/Figural) Series reasoning involves identifying patterns or rules in sequences of letters, numbers, symbols, or figures and using these patterns to answer questions about missing elements, positions, or relationships. Types of Series in Reasoning 1. Alphabet Series Definition: Arranging letters or groups of letters in a sequence or pattern. Key Concepts: Vowels: A, E, I, O, U Consonants: All other letters Dictionary Order: Arranging words in alphabetical order Interchanging Letters: Swapping first and last letters, etc. Example: Given: DEW, BIG, RAW, FAN, DOG Interchange first and last letters: WED, GIB, WAR, NAF, GOD Arrange in dictionary order: GIB, GOD, NAF, WAR, WED Last word: WED Practice Question: If you swap the first and last letters of each word in the following list, how many meaningful words are formed? List: CAT, RAT, BAT, TAP Answer: CAT → TAC (not meaningful), RAT → TAR (meaningful), BAT → TAB (meaningful), TAP → PAT (meaningful) Total = 3

69 Statement and Assumption

Here is a detailed explanation of the Statement and Assumption topic as covered in your PDF, along with step-by-step examples and practice questions to help you master this reasoning skill. Statement and Assumption: Detailed Explanation Statement and Assumption is a core topic in logical reasoning, frequently featured in government and competitive exams. It tests your ability to analyze a given statement and determine which underlying assumptions are logically implied by it123.

70 Syllogism

Here is a detailed explanation of Syllogism as presented in your attached PDF, complete with step-by-step examples and practice questions to help you master this reasoning topic123. What is Syllogism? Syllogism is a form of logical reasoning where you use two or more statements (premises) to reach a valid conclusion. In competitive exams, you are usually given two or three statements and a set of conclusions. You must decide which conclusions logically follow from the statements, treating the statements as 100% true even if they contradict common knowledge13.

71 Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are powerful tools to visually represent relationships between different groups (called sets). They help you quickly see what items are shared between groups and what items are unique to each group. Here’s a simple, step-by-step explanation with examples and diagrams, based on your PDF and additional resources. What is a Venn Diagram? A Venn diagram uses shapes (usually circles) to show how different groups (sets) overlap or are separate. Each shape represents a group, and where the shapes overlap, it shows items that belong to both groups123.

72 Word Formation

Word Formation: Complete Study Material with Emojis, Explanations & Practice Questions What is Word Formation? 🔤✨ Word formation questions test your ability to create or identify meaningful words from a given set of letters or a main word. These questions are common in SSC and other reasoning exams and help assess your vocabulary, spelling, and logical sequencing skills. Types of Word Formation Questions 🗂️ 1. Word Formation Using Letters from a Given Word 🅰️➡️🅱️ Type A: Find which word can/cannot be formed from the main word. Type B: Form new words using specific positions (e.g., 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th letters). Type C: Find how many meaningful words can be formed using all letters (once each). 2. Word Formation by Scrambling Letters 🔀 Arrange a jumbled set of letters into a meaningful word. Sometimes, you may need to find the antonym/synonym of the formed word. 3. Logical Order of Words 🔢 Arrange given words in a logical or stepwise sequence (e.g., process, hierarchy, chronology, size, value, intensity, or chain formation). How to Approach Word Formation Questions? 🧠 Check if all required letters are present in the main word (and not repeated unless allowed). For position-based questions, pick the specified letters and try to form a meaningful word. For logical order, think about the natural or process-based sequence. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions & Emojis 📝✨ Type 1: Word Formation from Main Word Q1. From the word CONSTRUCTION, which cannot be formed? A) SUCTION B) COINS C) CAUTION D) MOTION