Judiciary in India

⚖️ Judiciary in India – Easy SSC CHSL Study Guide with Emojis 🏅✨

Here’s a clear, emoji-rich summary of the Indian Judiciary system, focusing on the Supreme Court and High Courts, perfect for quick revision!

🏛️ Supreme Court of India

• 🗓️ Inaugurated: January 28, 1950 (replaced Federal Court of India)
• 📜 Constitutional Basis: Part V, Chapter IV (Articles 124–147)
• 👥 Composition: 34 judges including Chief Justice of India (CJI)
• 🏛️ Hierarchy: Top of integrated judicial system (Supreme Court > High Courts > Subordinate Courts)
• 🏢 Location: Delhi (Article 130)

📝 Appointment & Tenure

• 👤 Appointed by: President (after consulting CJI)
• 👑 Chief Justice: Senior-most judge appointed by President
• ⏳ Term: Till age 65 or resignation/impeachment

🎓 Qualifications (Article 124)

• 🇮🇳 Citizen of India
• ⚖️ Judge of High Court for 5 years OR
• 👨‍⚖️ Advocate of High Court for 10 years OR
• 🏅 Distinguished jurist (as per President)

🛡️ Powers & Jurisdiction

• Original Jurisdiction 🏛️: Disputes between Centre & State(s), or between States (exclusive)
• Writ Jurisdiction 📝: Directly approachable for Fundamental Rights enforcement (writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, etc.)
• Appellate Jurisdiction 🏆: Final court of appeal (constitutional, civil, criminal, special leave)
• Advisory Jurisdiction 💡: President can seek Supreme Court’s opinion (Article 143)
• Court of Record 📚: Judgments are permanent records; can punish for contempt
• Judicial Review 🔍: Can declare laws/executive actions unconstitutional (protects Constitution’s basic structure)

🏅 Landmark Cases

• 🏛️ Golaknath Case (1967)
• 🏦 Bank Nationalization Case (1970)
• 👑 Privy Purse Abolition Case (1971)
• 🏗️ Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) – Established ‘Basic Structure’ doctrine
• 🏭 Minerva Mills Case (1980)

🛡️ Rights & Functions

• 🛡️ Guarantor of Fundamental Rights
• 🏛️ Guardian of the Constitution
• 📝 Can restore rights via writs (Article 32)
• ❌ Can declare any law unconstitutional (Article 13)

🏛️ High Courts

• 🏛️ Position: Below Supreme Court, above Subordinate Courts
• 🇮🇳 Number: 25 High Courts (some serve multiple states/UTs)
• 🏢 Delhi: Only UT with its own High Court
• 🏛️ Common High Courts: Allowed by 7th Amendment Act, 1956

📝 Appointment & Tenure

• 👤 Appointed by: President (CJI & Governor consulted)
• ⏳ Term: Till age 62 or resignation/transfer
• 🔄 Transfer: President can transfer judges between High Courts

🛡️ Powers

• Writ Jurisdiction 📝: Can issue writs for Fundamental Rights & other purposes (Article 226)
• Appellate & Original Jurisdiction 🏆: Hears appeals from lower courts, some original cases

⚖️ Separation of Powers

• 🏛️ Parliament: Makes & amends laws
• 🏢 Executive: Implements laws
• ⚖️ Judiciary: Settles disputes, checks constitutional validity

📝 Quick Recap Table

Use these emojis and points for quick, easy revision of the Indian Judiciary for SSC CHSL! Good luck! 🍀 ¹²